Schrittweise Einführung in das praktische Schaltungsdesign
Der Einstieg in die Elektronik ist nicht so schwierig, wie man vielleicht denkt. Mit diesem Buch werden die wichtigsten Konzepte der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik auf spielerische Weise erkundet, indem verschiedene Experimente durchgeführt und Schaltungen simuliert werden. Es vermittelt Elektronik praxisnah, ohne in komplexen Fachjargon oder lange Berechnungen einzutauchen. Dadurch werden schon bald eigene Projekte ermöglicht.
Es sind keine Vorkenntnisse in Elektronik erforderlich; lediglich einige grundlegende Algebra-Kenntnisse werden in wenigen einfachen Berechnungen verwendet. Viele getestete und funktionierende Projekte und Simulationen werden vorgestellt, um mit dem Aufbau elektronischer Schaltungen vertraut zu werden. Für problemloses Experimentieren – ohne die Gefahr, etwas zu beschädigen – werden zudem frühzeitig auch softwarebasierte Schaltungssimulationen vorgestellt.
Lernziele:
Konzepte von Spannung, Strom und Leistung
Wechselstrom (AC) und Gleichstrom (DC)
Grundlegende Lampenschaltungen mit Schaltern
Passive Bauteile: Widerstände, Kondensatoren und Induktivitäten
RC- und RCL-Schaltungen und Elektromagnetismus
Lautsprecher, Relais, Summer und Transformatoren
Aktive Bauteile: Dioden und LEDs, Bipolartransistoren und MOSFETs
Transistorbasierte Schaltungen
Optokoppler-Schaltungen
Astabile und monostabile Multivibratoren
Verwendung des 555-Timer-ICs
Operationsverstärkertechnik
Digitale Logik
Beispiele: Verstärker, Oszillatoren, Filter und Sensoren
Test- und Messwerkzeuge
Mikrocontroller: Arduino Uno, ESP32, Raspberry Pi Pico und Raspberry Pi
Datenblätter lesen und Auswahl von Komponenten
EMV & EMI sowie Normen & Vorschriften
From Theory to Practical Applications in Wireless Energy Transfer and Harvesting
Wireless power transmission has gained significant global interest, particularly with the rise of electric vehicles and the Internet of Things (IoT). It’s a technology that allows the transfer of electricity without physical connections, offering solutions for everything from powering small devices over short distances to long-range energy transmission for more complex systems.
Wireless Power Design provides a balanced mix of theoretical knowledge and practical insights, helping you explore the potential of wireless energy transfer and harvesting technologies. The book presents a series of hands-on projects that cover various aspects of wireless power systems, each accompanied by detailed explanations and parameter listings.
The following five projects guide you through key areas of wireless power:
Project 1: Wireless Powering of Advanced IoT Devices
Project 2: Wireless Powered Devices on the Frontline – The Future and Challenges
Project 3: Wireless Powering of Devices Using Inductive Technology
Project 4: Wireless Power Transmission for IoT Devices
Project 5: Charging Robot Crawler Inside the Pipeline
These projects explore different aspects of wireless power, from inductive charging to wireless energy transmission, offering practical solutions for real-world applications. The book includes projects that use simulation tools like CST Microwave Studio and Keysight ADS for design and analysis, with a focus on practical design considerations and real-world implementation techniques.
Construisez votre station météo idéale ou explorez les données environnementales avec le monde entier. Avec de nombreux projets pratiques pour Arduino, Raspberry Pi, NodeMCU, ESP32 et autres cartes de développement.
Les stations météo jouissent d’une grande popularité depuis des décennies. Tous les magazines d’électronique, qu’ils soient récents ou non, ont publié et publient régulièrement des articles sur la construction d’une station météo. Au fil des années, elles sont devenues de plus en plus sophistiquées et peuvent aujourd’hui être entièrement intégrées dans la maison intelligente. Ceci implique toutefois souvent une fidélité à un fabricant de produits de marque (coûteux) pour tous les composants.
Cependant, avec votre propre station météo, vous pouvez facilement suivre le rythme et même capturer des relevés que les appareils commerciaux ne peuvent pas réaliser. Le plaisir ne manque pas : vous développerez de manière ludique vos connaissances en électronique, en cartes de développement de microcontrôleurs modernes et en langages de programmation. Pour moins de dix euros, vous pouvez collecter des données environnementales initiales et étendre votre système au fur et à mesure que votre intérêt grandit.
Dans ce numéro
Sur la route du vent et de la météo
Écran météo OpenWeatherMap à affichage fluorescent
Les composés organiques volatils dans l‘air que nous respirons
Travailler avec les capteurs MQ : mesurer le monoxyde de carbone
Détecteur de CO2 avec connexion IdO vers ThingSpeak
Un arrosage automatique pour vos plantes
Un climat intérieur sain : la température et l‘humidité de l‘air sont importants
Thermomètre avec tubes Nixie
Une maison météo rétro pour toute la famille
Mesurez la pression atmosphérique et la température avec précision
Un détecteur de coups de soleil
Capteur maison pour la durée d‘ensoleillement
Le smartphone l‘indique : brouillard ou bonne visibilité ?
Détecter les tremblements de terre
Les niveaux des cours d‘eau et des réservoirs
Évaluer la valeur du pH de l’eau
Détecter les rayonnements radioactifs
Avec le GPS, vous savez où se trouve votre capteur
Enregistrer les fichiers journaux avec horodatage sur des cartes SD
LoRaWAN, The Things Network et ThingSpeak
Exploiter la passerelle LoRaWAN pour le TTN
Affichage géant à led avec prévisions météo
Over 180 Projects with Raspberry Pi, Pico W, Arduino, and ESP32
This bundle contains the Universal Maker Sensor Kit, which consists of many sensors, actuators, displays, and motors. It’s perfect for environmental monitoring, smart home projects, robotics, and game controllers.
The new Elektor book describes the design of many projects using the kit together with the popular Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi Pico W, Arduino Uno, and the ESP32 family of development boards. You can choose any of these development boards for your projects and either use the provided programs as they are, or modify these programs to suit your applications.
This bundle contains:
Book: Universal Maker Sensor Kit (normal price: €45)
Universal Maker Sensor Kit for Raspberry Pi, Pico W, Arduino, ESP32 (normal price: €70)
Book: Universal Maker Sensor Kit
Learn to use more than 35 Sensors and Actuators with C++, Python, and MicroPython
This book contains over 180 projects for all four major development boards (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Pico W, and ESP32). Depending on the development board, projects are available in the C, Python, or MicroPython programming languages.
The project titles, brief descriptions, wiring diagrams, and full program listings together with their detailed descriptions are given in the guide.
Universal Maker Sensor Kit (for Raspberry Pi, Pico W, Arduino, ESP32)
Discover endless creativity with the Universal Maker Sensor Kit, designed for use with Raspberry Pi, Pico W, Arduino, and ESP32. This versatile kit offers compatibility across popular development platforms, including Arduino Uno R4 Minima/WiFi, Uno R3, Mega 2560, Raspberry Pi 5, 4, 3B+, 3B, Zero, Pico W, and ESP32.
Featuring over 35 sensors, actuators, and displays, it's perfect for projects ranging from environmental monitoring and smart home automation to robotics and interactive gaming. Step-by-step tutorials in C/C++, Python, and MicroPython guide beginners and experienced makers alike through 169 exciting projects.
Features
Wide Compatibility: Fully supports Arduino (Uno R3, Uno R4 Minima/WiFi, Mega 2560), Raspberry Pi (5, 4, 3B+, 3B, Zero, Pico W), and ESP32, enabling extensive flexibility across numerous development platforms. Includes instructions for building 169 projects.
Comprehensive Components: Features more than 35 sensors, actuators, and display modules suitable for diverse projects such as environmental monitoring, smart home automation, robotics, and interactive game controllers.
Detailed Tutorials: Provides clear, step-by-step tutorials covering Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Pico W, ESP32, and each included component. Tutorials are available in C/C++, Python, and MicroPython, catering effectively to both beginners and experienced makers.
Suitable for All Skill Levels: Offers structured projects designed to guide users seamlessly from beginner to advanced proficiency in electronics and programming, enhancing creativity and technical expertise.
Kit includes
Breadboard
Button Module
Capacitive Soil Moisture Module
Flame Sensor Module
Gas/Smoke Sensor Module (MQ2)
Gyroscope & Accelerometer Module (MPU6050)
Hall Sensor Module
Infrared Speed Sensor Module
IR Obstacle Avoidance Sensor Module
Joystick Module
PCF8591 ADC DAC Converter Module
Photoresistor Module
PIR Motion Module (HC-SR501)
Potentiometer Module
Pulse Oximeter and Heart Rate Sensor Module (MAX30102)
Raindrop Detection Module
Real Time Clock Module (DS1302)
Rotary Encoder Module
Temperature Sensor Module (DS18B20)
Temperature and Humidity Sensor Module (DHT11)
Temperature, Humidity & Pressure Sensor (BMP280)
Time of Flight Micro-LIDAR Distance Sensor (VL53L0X)
Touch Sensor Module
Ultrasonic Sensor Module (HC-SR04)
Vibration Sensor Module (SW-420)
Water Level Sensor Module
I²C LCD 1602
OLED Display Module (SSD1306)
RGB LED Module
Traffic Light Module
5 V Relay Module
Centrifugal Pump
L9110 Motor Driver Module
Passive Buzzer Module
Servo Motor (SG90)
TT Motor
ESP8266 Module
JDY-31 Bluetooth Module
Power Supply Module
Documentation
Online Tutorial
The Unitree Go2 Controller is a dedicated remote control device designed for seamless and precise operation of the Unitree Go2 Quadruped Robot. This bimanual remote features built-in data transmission and Bluetooth modules, facilitating reliable wireless communication with the robot. It offers an ultra-long control distance of over 100 meters in open environments, ensuring flexibility in various operational scenarios.
Specifications
Charging Voltage
5 V
Charging Current
2 A
Frequency
2.4 GHz
Communication Modes
Data transmission module and Bluetooth
Battery Capacity
2500 mAh
Operating Time
approx. 4.5 hours
Control Distance
Over 100 meters in open environments
This bundle contains the popular Elektor Sand Clock for Raspberry Pi Pico and the new Elektor Laser Head Upgrade, offering even more options for displaying the time. Not only can you "engrave" the current time in sand, you can now alternatively write it on a glow-in-the-dark foil or create green drawings.
Contents of the bundle
Elektor Sand Clock for Raspberry Pi Pico (normal price: €50)
Elektor Laser Head Upgrade for Sand Clock (normal price: €35)
Elektor Sand Clock for Raspberry Pi (Raspberry Pi-based Eye Catcher)
A standard sand clock just shows how time passes. In contrast, this Raspberry Pi Pico-controlled sand clock shows the exact time by "engraving" the four digits for hour and minute into the layer of sand. After an adjustable time the sand is flattened out by two vibration motors and everything begins all over again.
At the heart of the sand clock are two servo motors driving a writing pen through a pantograph mechanism. A third servo motor lifts the pen up and down. The sand container is equipped with two vibration motors to flatten the sand. The electronic part of the sand clock consists of a Raspberry Pi Pico and an RTC/driver board with a real-time clock, plus driver circuits for the servo motors.
A detailed construction manual is available for downloading.
Features
Dimensions: 135 x 110 x 80 mm
Build time: approx. 1.5 to 2 hours
Included
3x Precut acrylic sheets with all mechanical parts
3x Mini servo motors
2x Vibration motors
1x Raspberry Pi Pico
1x RTC/driver board with assembled parts
Nuts, bolts, spacers, and wires for the assembly
Fine-grained white sand
Elektor Laser Head Upgrade for Sand Clock
The new Elektor Laser Head transforms the Sand Clock into a clock that writes the time on glow-in-the-dark film instead of sand. In addition to displaying the time, it can also be used to create ephemeral drawings. The 5 mW laser pointer, with a wavelength of 405 nm, produces bright green drawings on the glow-in-the-dark film. For best results, use the kit in a dimly lit room. Warning: Never look directly into the laser beam!
The kit includes all the necessary components, but soldering three wires is required.
Note: This kit is also compatible with the original Arduino-based Sand Clock from 2017. For more details, see Elektor Magazine 1-2/2017 and Elektor Magazine 1-2/2018.
2 Channels • 350 MHz • 1 GSa/s • 50,000 wfm/s • 7 inch Touchscreen
The FNIRSI DPOS350P is a sleek 4-in-1 powerhouse in tablet form! This compact and portable device packs serious functionality: it combines a 2-channel oscilloscope (350 MHz), a signal generator (50 MHz), a frequency response analyzer (50 MHz), and a spectrum analyzer (200 kHz–350 MHz) – all in one unit.
Whether you're in R&D, troubleshooting, or field testing, the DPOS350P delivers the tools you need to measure, generate, analyze, and visualize electronic signals with precision and clarity. Its responsive high-resolution touchscreen and intuitive controls make signal analysis fast, flexible and efficient.
Features
Powerful Multi-Function Integration
350 MHz 2-channel oscilloscope with 1 GSa/s real-time sampling
50 MHz signal generator with 14 standard + custom waveforms
Spectrum analyzer (200 kHz–350 MHz): Perfect for EMI, RF & HF testing
Frequency response analyzer (FRA) up to 50 MHz
High-Performance Waveform Capture
50,000 wfm/s refresh rate for real-time signal clarity
350 MHz bandwidth (single-channel mode)
Detects rare and low-probability anomalies
Crisp Display & Smooth Operation
7" IPS touchscreen (1024 x 600 resolution)
Switch between grayscale and color temperature display
Easy to operate in various test environments
Reliable, Protected & Fast-Charging
High-voltage protection up to 400 V
Fast charging with QC 18 W (full charge in 2 hours)
Built for stable long-term operation
Data Storage & Export
Save up to 500 waveform records + 90 screenshots
USB export for easy reporting and offline analysis
Specifications
General
Display
7 inch (IPS full viewing angle)
Resolution
1024 x 600 pixels
Interaction mode
Capacitive touch screen
Total power consumption
10 W
Power-on configuration
5 presets
Charging
QC 18 W, 12 V/1.5 A (USB-C)
Battery
3.7 V, 8000 mAh lithium battery
Battery life
approx. 3 hours in operation, 5 hours standby
Heat dissipation
Air cooling
Expansion interface
USB data port
Automatic shutdown
15~60 minutes / off
Firmware upgrade
Support .iso image upgrade
Languages
English / Portuguese / Russian / Chinese
Dimensions
190 x 128 x 37 mm
Oscilloscope
Analog channels
2
Analog bandwidth
350 MHz
Rise time
1ns
Real-time sampling rate
1 GSa/s
Memory depth
60 Kpts
Input impedance
1 MΩ / 14PF
Time base range
5ns ~ 50s
Roll time base
50ms ~ 50s
Vertical sensitivity
2 mV ~ 20 V (1X)
Vertical range
16 mV ~ 160 V (1X)
DC accuracy
±2%
Time accuracy
±0.01%
Input coupling
DC / AC
Probe attenuation
1X / 10X / 100X
Hardware bandwidth limit
150M / 20M
High resolution mode
8bit ~ 16bit
Parameter measurements
12 types
Cursor measurement
Time, period, frequency, level, voltage
Trigger detection
Digital trigger
Trigger channel
CH1 / CH2
Trigger mode
Auto / Single / Normal
Trigger edge
Rising edge / Falling edge
Trigger suppression
L1 ~ L3
Trigger level
Manual / automatic 10% ~ 90%
Screenshot storage
90 pictures
Waveform storage
500 groups
Background grid
Display / hide
Waveform movement
Coarse adjustment / fine adjustment
Overvoltage protection
Withstand voltage 400 V
Waveform brightness
Adjustable
Simple FFT display
Yes
Digital fluorescence
Yes
Color temperature display
Yes
X-Y mode
Yes
ZOOM time base
Yes
One-key automatic adjustment
Yes
One-key return to zero
Yes
Data browser
Yes
Signal Generator
Waveform types
14 standard functions + captured waveform
Frequency
0~50 MHz (sine wave only, other waveforms up to 10M/5M/3M)
Amplitude
0~5 VPP
Offset
-2.5 V ~ +2.5V
Duty cycle
0.1~99.9%
Frequency resolution
1 Hz
Amplitude resolution
1 mV
Offset resolution
1 mV
Duty cycle resolution
0.1%
Customizable captured waveform
500 groups
Frequency Response Analyzer (FRA)
Excitation signal frequency
100 Hz ~ 50 MHz
Excitation signal amplitude
0~5 VPP
Excitation signal offset
-2.5V ~ +2.5V
Excitation frequency count
20~500
Cursor measurement
Frequency / gain / phase
Operating mode
Single / cyclic
System calibration
Yes
Spectrum Analyzer
Conversion method
FFT
FFT length
4K ~ 32K
Frequency range
200 KHz ~ 350 MHz
Level range
-60 dBmV ~ +260 dBmV
Cursor measurement
Frequency / amplitude
Marking parameter
Maximum energy harmonic
Waterfall chart
Yes
3D waterfall chart
Yes
Automatic adjustment
Yes
System calibration
Yes
Included
1x FNIRSI DPOS350P Oscilloscope (4-in-1)
2x 350 MHz Probes
1x QC 18 W Fast Charger (EU)
1x USB-C Cable
1x Alligator Clip
1x Storage Bag
1x Manual
Downloads
Manual
Firmware
The SEQURE HT140 is a highly versatile 2-in-1 soldering tool that combines the functionality of hot tweezers and a soldering iron. It is specifically engineered for precise SMD soldering and desoldering tasks.
With independent control for single-sided heating, it operates as a traditional soldering iron when fitted with a standard tip. When configured for dual-sided heating, it transforms into hot tweezers – perfect for the efficient and accurate removal of SMD components.
Features
Working Temperature: 50-500°C (122-932°F)
Supports multiple power inputs: PD 3.1/3.0/2.0, QC 3.0/2.0, (5-28 V DC), LiPo batteries, and power adapters.
The HT140 combines hot tweezers and a soldering iron, with independent single- or dual-sided heating. Use it as a soldering iron with a tip, or as hot tweezers for easy SMD desoldering.
Voltage and current can be adjusted based on the power source.
Features dual temperature control, presets, quick temperature increase, and fine-tuning.
128 x 32 OLED screen with adjustable brightness, and orientation. Switchable °C/°F.
High-precision heating element with ±1% accuracy. Melts solder in just 2 seconds.
Smart standby, sleep, and wake-up functions extend tip lifespan and boost efficiency.
Supports temperature calibration and compensation for precise work.
Includes a 1.5 m heat-resistant PD 150 W silicone cable and a sturdy all-metal HT Station.
Swappable tips and adjustable angles for various SMD soldering tasks.
Specifications
Working Voltage
5-28 V DC
Maximum Power
140 W
Working Temperature
50-500°C (122-932°F)
Tin Melting Time
2s
Interface Type
USB-C, DC5525
Power Supply
PD 3.1/3.0/2.0, QC 3.0/2.0, 28 V DC max
Display
128 x 32 OLED
Firmware Upgrade
Yes
Menu Languages
English, Russian, Chinese
Dimensions
160 x 27 x 17.5 mm
Weight
50 g
Included
1x SEQURE HT140 Host
2x HT140-IS Tapered Curved Desoldering Tips
1x HT Station
1x Accessory Package
1x Storage Bag
1x 65 W PD Power Supply (EU, UK & US)
1x 24 W PD Silicone Wire (1.5 m)
1x GND Wire Accessory Kit (1.8 m)
Downloads
Manual
Firmware V1.04
The SEQURE T55 Smart Mini Temperature Adjustable Soldering Hot Plate is a compact and efficient tool designed for precise preheating and desoldering tasks. With its adjustable temperature range from 50°C to 280°C (122°F to 536°F), it is suitable for various applications, e.g. cell phone repair, PCB assembly, etc.
Features
Adjustable heating temperature range: 50°C to 280°C (122°F to 536°F)
Equipped with a heat-resistant ceramic temperature sensor, ensuring high-accuracy data measurement under continuous high temperatures.
Automatically stops heating after reaching the preset working time.
Supports PD, QC, and DC (max 25 V).
Intelligent temperature control algorithm for temperature compensation and power adjustment.
128 x 32 resolution OLED display with a built-in buzzer to indicate operating status.
°C/°F conversion
Specifications
Heating Area
55 x 55 mm
Working Temperature
50-280°C (122-536°F)
Max Voltage
25 V
Max Power
95 W
Recommend Voltage
19-25 V
PD Power Supply
PD 20 V ≥3A
Power Supply Modes
PD, QC, DC
Interface
USB-C
Display
128 x 32 OLED
Menu Languages
English, Russian, and Chinese
Dimensions
55 x 60 x 37 mm
Weight
92 g
Included
1x SEQURE T55 Smart Mini Soldering Hot Plate
1x PD 65 W Power Supply (EU)
1x Fast Charging Cable (100 W/5 A)
Le téléchargement intégral de ce numéro est disponible pour nos membres GOLD et GREEN sur le site Elektor Magazine !
Pas encore membre ? Cliquez ici.
L'architecture de processeur open-source RISC-V16 cartes et MCU à connaître
un lecteur audio avec égaliseur basé sur un FPGAMixage audio numérique avec un Arduino MKR Vidor 4000
tête laser pour l’horloge de sable basé sur Raspberry Pi PicoDessiner avec la lumière
participez au concours STM32 Edge AI
système de contrôle environnemental multi-capteurs pour les plantesMesure sans fil de l'approvisionnement en eau et de la luminosité
porte automatique contrôlée par l'IA et MaixduinoReconnaissance faciale avec une caméra
l’électronique embarquée en 2024L’IA va redéfinir l’industrie
Calcul en mémoire basé sur la charge chez EnCharge AI
des opérations d'IA avec 10 fois moins d'énergie et des coûts divisés par 20
Une carte pour le développement et l’entraînement des modèles ML d’analyse des vibrations
Elektor Mini-WheelieKit robot gyropode (robot autostabilisé)
MCUViewerMCUViewer outil de débogage open source multiplateforme
isolateur USB 2.0Isolation éléctrique pour les périphériques USB
anticipation et actionApplication pratique de la maintenance prédictive
SPoE – compatibilité électromagnétiquePaire unique avec Power-over-Ethernet à travers les yeux d'EMC
rétro-techCréer un monde nouveau avec la télévision couleur
surveillance ECGavec des modules Hexabitz et STM32CubeMonitor
la bataille pour l’IA en périphérie
HaLow atteint une distance Wifi record de 16 km à 900 MHz
première puce embarquée CHERI RISC-V et programme d'accès anticipé
la détection des incendies de forêt de troisième génération utilise des liaisons satellites
sur le vifDélices et supplices du choix
démarrer en électronique......Filtrage et contrôle de la tonalité
Kit d'horloge quasi-analogiqueNouvelle version d'un classique d'Elektor
une approche modulaire de test des capteursCarte de test de capteurs basée sur l'ESP32-S3
2025 : une odyssée de l'IAL'essor des modèles de fondation et leur impact sur l'accessibilité de l'IA
Synthétiseur MIDI autonome Raspberry Pi (1)Préparation d'une plateforme pour des expériences d’IA en périphérie
projet 2.0Corrections, mises à jour et courrier des lecteurs
Le RISC-V AI, un processeur à tout faire : CPU, GPU, DSP, FPGA
paroles de PDG : fraîcheur, silence et finesse
programmation Dual-Core avec le Raspberry Pi PicoLe monde de la programmation parallèle
Elektor GREEN en GOLD leden kunnen deze uitgave hier downloaden.
Nog geen lid? Klik hier om een lidmaatschap af te sluiten.
De open-source processorarchitectuur RISC-V16 boards en MCU's die je moet kennen
Een FPGA-gebaseerde audiospeler met equalizer (1)Digitaal audio mixen met een Arduino MKR Vidor 4000
Laserkop voor pico-gebaseerde zandklokTekenen met licht
Doe mee aan de STM32 Edge AI Contest
Een multi-sensor plantenmonitor-systeemdraadloze meting van watertoevoer en lichtomstandigheden
Maixduino AI-gestuurde automatische portiergezichtsdetectie met een camera
Embedded Electronics 2024AI gaat de industrie opnieuw vormgeven
Lading-gebaseerde in-Memory computing bij EnCharge AI
AI-Inferentie met 10 Keer Lager Energieverbruik en 20 Keer Lagere Kosten
Click board ondersteunt het ontwikkelen en trainen van ML-modellen voor trillingsanalyse
De Elektor Mini-WheelieEen kit voor een zelfbalancerende robot
MCU, ik zie jeMCUViewer: open-source multiplatform debugging-tool
USB 2.0-isolatorelektrisch geïsoleerde USB-aansluiting
Voorkomen is betervoorspellend onderhoud in de praktijk
SPoE – Elektromagnetische compatibiliteitSingle pair met Power-over-Ethernet door de ogen van EMC
Retro techEen nieuwe wereld met kleurentelevisie
ECG-monitorimplementatie met Hexabitz-modules en een STM32CubeMonitor
De strijd om AI aan de edge
Met HaLow Wi-Fi is een record afstand bereikt van 16 km op 900 MHz
Eerste CHERI RISC-V Embedded Chip en Early Access programma
Derde generatie bosbranddetectie maakt gebruik van satellietverbindingen
Uit het leven gegrepenkeuzestress
Alle begin......filtert verder en regelt tonen
Quasi-analoog uurwerkwedergeboorte van een Elektor-klassieker
Een modulaire sensortesterSensor-evaluatieboard met ESP32-S3
2025: Een AI-OdysseeDe opkomst van foundation modellen en hun rol in het democratiseren van AI
Raspberry Pi standalone MIDI-synthesizer (1)voorbereiding van een platform voor enkele edge-AI-experimenten
Err-lectronicsCorrecties, updates en brieven van lezers
Universele AI RISC-V processor doet ze allemaal - CPU, GPU, DSP, FPGA
Interview met de CEO: Ventiva's dunne en coole technologie
Dual-core programmeren met een Raspberry Pi Picoduik in de wereld van parallel programmeren
Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here.
Not a member yet? Click here.
The RISC-V Open-Source Processor Architecture16 Boards and MCUs You Should Know
An FPGA-Based Audio Player with Equalizer (1)Mixing Digital Audio with an Arduino MKR Vidor 4000
Laser Head for Pico-Based Sand ClockDrawing with Light
Enter the STM32 Edge AI Contest
A Multi-Sensor Environmental Monitoring System for PlantsWireless Measurement of Water Supply and Light Conditions
Maixduino AI-Powered Automatic DoormanFace Detection with a Camera
Embedded Electronics 2024AI Is Set to Redefine the Industry
Charge-Based In-Memory Compute at EnCharge AI
AI Inferencing at 10 Times Lower Power and 20 Fold Lower Cost
Click Board Helps Develop and Train ML Models for Vibration Analysis
The Elektor Mini-WheelieA Self-Balancing Robot Kit
MCU, I See YouMCUViewer Open-Source Multiplatform Debugging Tool
USB 2.0 IsolatorElectrically Isolated Connections for USB Devices
Intervention Before DamagePredictive Maintenance in Practice
SPoE – Electromagnetic CompatibilitySingle-Pair with Power-Over-Ethernet Through the Eyes of EMC
Color TV: A Wonder of Its TimeCreating a New World
ECG Graph MonitoringAn Implementation with Hexabitz Modules and an STM32CubeMonitor
The Battle for AI at the Edge
HaLow Hits Record 16-km Wi-Fi Distance at 900 MHz
First CHERI RISC-V Embedded Chip and Early Access Programme
Third-Generation Wildfire Detection Uses Satellite Links
From Life’s ExperienceChoice Overload
Starting Out in Electronics……Continues Filtering and Controls Tone
Quasi-Analog ClockworkA Remake of an Elektor Classic
A Modular Approach to Sensor TestingThe ESP32-S3-Based Sensor Evaluation Board
2025: An AI OdysseyThe Rise of Foundation Models and Their Role in Democratizing AI
Raspberry Pi Standalone MIDI Synthesizer (1)Preparing a Platform for Some Edge AI Experiments
Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters
Universal AI RISC-V Processor Does It All — CPU, GPU, DSP, FPGA
CEO Interview: Ventiva’s Thin and Cool Tech
Dual-Core Programming with a Raspberry Pi PicoVenture Into the World of Parallel Programming
Diese Ausgabe steht allen GOLD- und GREEN-Mitgliedern auf der ElektorMagazine-Website zum Download bereit!
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Die Open-Source-Prozessorarchitektur RISC-V16 Boards und MCUs, die Sie kennen sollten
Audio-Player mit FPGA und EqualizerTeil 1. Digitale Audiosignale mischen mit einem MKR Vidor 4000 von Arduino
Laserkopf für Pico-basierte SanduhrZeichnen mit Licht
Nehmen Sie teil am STM32 Edge AI Contest!
Umweltüberwachung von Pflanzen mit mehreren SensorenDrahtlose Messung der Wasserversorgung und Lichtverhältnisse
Maixduino: Automatischer KI-TüröffnerGesichtserkennung mit einer Kamera
Embedded-Elektronik 2024KI wird die Branche neu definieren
Ladungsbasiertes In-Memory Compute bei EnCharge AI
KI-Inferencing bei 10-fach geringerer Leistungsaufnahme zu 20-fach geringeren Kosten
Click-Board hilft bei der Entwicklung und dem Training von ML-Modellen für die Schwingungsanalyse
Der Elektor Mini-WheelieEin Bausatz für einen selbstbalancierenden Roboter
MCU, ich sehe dich!MCUViewer, ein Open-Source-Multiplattform-Debugging-Werkzeug
USB-2.0-IsolatorGeräte galvanisch isoliert per USB verbinden
Eingriff vor dem SchadenPredictive Maintenance in der Praxis
SPoE - Elektromagnetische VerträglichkeitSingle-Pair mit Power-over-Ethernet im EMV-Fokus
Retro-TechnikWie das Farbfernsehen eine neue Welt schuf
EKG-MonitorMit Hexabitz-Modulen und einem STM32CubeMonitor
Der Kampf um KI at the Edge
HaLow erreicht Rekorddistanz von 16 km für WLAN bei 900 MHz
Erster CHERI RISC-V-Embedded Chip und Early Access Programm
Die dritte Generation der Waldbrandfrüherkennung nutzt Satellitenverbindungen
Aus dem Leben gegriffenDie Qual der Wahl
Aller Anfang......ist nicht schwer: Wir setzen die Filterung und Klangregelung fort.
Riesen-LED-UhrNeuauflage eines Elektor-Klassikers
Ein modularer Ansatz für die SensorprüfungDas Sensor Evaluation Board mit ESP32-S3
2025: Eine Odyssee in die KIDer Aufstieg der Basismodelle und ihre Rolle bei der Demokratisierung der KImocratizing AI
Standalone MIDI-Synthesizer mit Raspberry PTeil 1: Eine Plattform für Edge-KI-Experimente vorbereiten
Projekt 2.0Korrekturen, Updates und Leserbriefe
CPU, GPU, DSP, FPGA; ein universeller KI-RISC-V-Prozessor kann alles!
CEO-Interview: Ventivas dünne und kühle Technologie
Dual-Core-Programmierung beim Raspberry Pi PicoEinstieg in die Welt der parallelen Programmierung
The Elektor Milliohmmeter Adapter uses the precision of a multimeter to measure very low resistance values. It is an adapter that converts a resistance into a voltage that can be measured with a standard multimeter.
The Elektor Milliohmmeter Adapter can measure resistances below 1 mΩ using a 4-wire (Kelvin) method. It is useful for locating short circuits on printed circuit boards (PCB).
The adapter features three measurement ranges – 1 mΩ, 10 mΩ, and 100 mΩ – selectable via a slide switch. It also includes onboard calibration resistors. The Elektor Milliohmmeter Adapter is powered by three 1.5 V AA batteries (not included).
Specifications
Measurement ranges
1 mΩ, 10 mΩ, 100 mΩ, 0.1%
Power supply
3x 1.5 V AA batteries (not included)
Dimensions
103 x 66 x 18 mm (compatible with Hammond 1593N-type enclosure, not included)
Special feature
On-board calibration resistors
Downloads
Documentation
The FNIRDSI DSO-TC4 is a multifunctional transistor oscilloscope that is both comprehensive and practical. It is designed for use in maintenance and R&D applications, integrating an oscilloscope, transistor tester, and signal generator into a single device.
Features
Equipped with a 2.8-inch TFT color screen for a clear and intuitive display
Built-in high-capacity rechargeable lithium battery (1500 mAh) with a standby time of up to 4 hours
Compact and lightweight, ideal for mobile use
Specifications
Oscilloscope
Analog Bandwidth
10 MHz
Real-Time Sampling Rate
48 MSa/s
Input Impedance
1 MΩ
Coupling Mode
AC/DC
Test Voltage Range
1:1 Probe: 80 Vpp (+40 V)
10:1 Probe: 800 Vpp (+400 V)
Vertical Sensitivity
10 mV/div~10 V/div (X1 range)
Vertical Displacement
Adjustable with indication
Time Base Range
50ns~20s
Trigger Mode
Auto/Normal/Single
Trigger Type
Rising edge, Falling edge
Trigger Level
Adjustable with indication
Waveform Freeze
Yes (HOLD function)
Automatic Measurement
Max, Min, Avg, RMS, Vpp, Frequency, Cycle, Duty Cycle
Component Tester
Transistor
Amplification factor "hfe"; Base-Emitter voltage "Ube", Ic/Ie, Collector-Emitter reverse leakage current "Iceo", Ices, Forward voltage drop of protection diode "Uf"
Diode
Forward voltage drop <5 V (Forward voltage drop, Junction capacitance, Reverse leakage current)
Zener Diode
0.01~32 V
Reverse Breakdown Voltage (K-A-A Test Area)
Field-Effect Transistor (FET)
JFET: Gate capacitance "Cg", Drain current Id under "Vgs", Forward voltage drop of protection diode "Uf"
IGBT: Drain current Id under Vgs, Forward voltage drop of protection diode Uf
MIOSTET: Threshold voltage "Vt", Gate capacitance "Cg", Drain-Source resistance "Rds", Forward voltage drop of protection diode "Uf"
Unidirectional SCR
Trigger voltage <5V, Gate level (Gate voltage)
Bidirectional SCR
Trigger current <6mA (Gate voltage)
Capacitor
25pF~100mF, Capacitance value, Loss factor "Vloss"
Resistor
0.01Ω~50MΩ
Inductor
10μH~1000μH, DC resistance
DS18B20
Temperature sensor, Pins: GND, DQ, VDD
DHT11
Temperature and humidity sensor, Pins: VDD, DATA, GND
Signal Generator
Output Waveform
Supports 13 waveform outputs
Waveform Frequency
0-50 KHz
Square Wave Duty Cycle
0-100%
Waveform Amplitude
0.1-3.0 V
General
Display
2.8-inch TFT color screen
Backlight
Brightness adjustable
Power Supply
USB-C (5 V/1 A)
Battery
3.7 V/1500 mAh
Languages
English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean
Dimensions
90 x 142 x 27.5 mm
Weight
186 g
Included
1x FNIRSI DSO-TC4 (3-in-1) Oscilloscope (10 MHz)
1x P6100 Oscilloscope probes (10X)
1x Alligator clip probe
3x Test hooks
1x Adapter
1x USB-C charging cable
1x Manual
Downloads
Manual
Firmware V0.0.7 (+V1.0.9)
A Practical Guide to AI, Python, and Hardware Projects
Welcome to your BeagleY-AI journey! This compact, powerful, and affordable single-board computer is perfect for developers and hobbyists. With its dedicated 4 TOPS AI co-processor and a 1.4 GHz Quad-core Cortex-A53 CPU, the BeagleY-AI is equipped to handle both AI applications and real-time I/O tasks. Powered by the Texas Instruments AM67A processor, it offers DSPs, a 3D graphics unit, and video accelerators.
Inside this handbook, you‘ll find over 50 hands-on projects that cover a wide range of topics—from basic circuits with LEDs and sensors to an AI-driven project. Each project is written in Python 3 and includes detailed explanations and full program listings to guide you. Whether you‘re a beginner or more advanced, you can follow these projects as they are or modify them to fit your own creative ideas.
Here’s a glimpse of some exciting projects included in this handbook:
Morse Code Exerciser with LED or BuzzerType a message and watch it come to life as an LED or buzzer translates your text into Morse code.
Ultrasonic Distance MeasurementUse an ultrasonic sensor to measure distances and display the result in real time.
Environmental Data Display & VisualizationCollect temperature, pressure, and humidity readings from the BME280 sensor, and display or plot them on a graphical interface.
SPI – Voltmeter with ADCLearn how to measure voltage using an external ADC and display the results on your BeagleY-AI.
GPS Coordinates DisplayTrack your location with a GPS module and view geographic coordinates on your screen.
BeagleY-AI and Raspberry Pi 4 CommunicationDiscover how to make your BeagleY-AI and Raspberry Pi communicate over a serial link and exchange data.
AI-Driven Object Detection with TensorFlow LiteSet up and run an object detection model using TensorFlow Lite on the BeagleY-AI platform, with complete hardware and software details provided.
Practical Applications and Project with Arduino, ESP32, and RP2040
Immerse yourself in the fascinating world of control engineering with Arduino and ESP32! This book offers you a practical introduction to classic and modern control methods, including PID controllers, fuzzy logic, and sliding-mode controllers.
In the first part, you will learn the basics of the popular Arduino controllers, such as the Arduino Uno and the ESP32, as well as the integration of sensors for temperature and pH measurement (NTC, PT100, PT1000, and pH sensor).
You will learn how to use these sensors in various projects and how to visualize data on a Nextion TFT display. The course continues with an introduction to actuators such as MOSFET switches, H-bridges, and solid-state relays, which are used to control motors and actuators. You will learn to analyze and model controlled systems, including PT1 and PT2 control.
The book focuses on the implementation of fuzzy and PID controllers for controlling temperature and DC motors. Both the Arduino Uno and the ESP32 are used. The sliding-mode controller is also introduced.
In the second-to-last chapter, you will explore the basics of neural networks and learn how machine learning can be used on an Arduino. In the last chapter, there is a practical example of a fuzzy controller for feeding electricity into the household grid.
This book is the perfect choice for engineers, students, and electronics engineers who want to expand their projects with innovative control techniques.
This bundle is all about designing projects based on the 555 timer IC. The book features over 45 fully tested and documented projects. Together with the kit, which contains more than 130 through-hole components, you can build all the projects described on a breadboard. The setup also makes it easy to modify and experiment with the projects.
Over 45 Builds for the Legendary 555 Chip (and the 556, 558)
Some of the projects in the book are:
Alternately Flashing Two LEDs
Changing LED Flashing Rate
Touch Sensor On/Off Switch
Switch On/Off Delay
Light-Dependent Sound
Dark/Light Switch
Tone Burst Generator
Long Duration Timer
Chasing LEDs
LED Roulette Game
Traffic Lights
Continuity Tester
Electronic Lock
Switch Contact Debouncing
Toy Electronic Organ
Multiple Sensor Alarm System
Metronome
Voltage Multipliers
Electronic Dice
7-Segment Display Counter
Motor Control
7-Segment Display Dice
Electronic Siren
Various Other Projects
Kit Contents
Resistors
1x 15 kΩ
1x 68 kΩ
2x 47 kΩ
1x 82 kΩ
2x 820 Ω
1x 8.2 kΩ
3x 10 kΩ
1x 1.8 kΩ
1x 6.8 kΩ
14x 2.2 kΩ
10x 680 Ω
1x 27 kΩ
1x 5.6 kΩ
1x 560 kΩ
1x 4.7 kΩ
1x 3.3 kΩ
3x 33 kΩ
1x 36 kΩ
2x 100 kΩ
5x 1 kΩ
1x 3.9 kΩ
2x 56 kΩ
2x 12 kΩ
1x 10 kΩ potentiometer
1x 1 MΩ potentiometer
2x 50 kΩ potentiometer
3x 20 kΩ potentiometer
1x 10 kΩ potentiometer
1x 10 kΩ potentiometer
1x 50 kΩ potentiometer
1x 100 kΩ potentiometer
1x 50 kΩ potentiometer
Capacitors
1x 0.33 μF
1x 1 μF
1x 10 nF
1x 22 nF
1x 47 nF
1x 100 nF
1x 10 μF electrolytic
1x 33 μF electrolytic
2x 100 μF electrolytic
LEDs
10x 5 mm red LED
10x 3 mm red LED
3x 3 mm yellow LED
3x 3 mm green LED
1x Common-cathode 7-segment LED
Semiconductors
3x 555 timer
1x CD4017 counter
1x CD4026 counter
1x CD4011 NAND gate
4x 1N4148 diode
1x IRFZ46N MOSFET
1x Thermistor
1x Light dependent resistor (LDR)
Miscellaneous
1x Passive buzzer
1x Active buzzer
1x SG90 servo
1x 8 Ω mini loudspeaker
1x 9 V DC brushed motor
1x 5 V relay
1x 9 V battery clip
7x Pushbutton switches
1x Breadboard
1x Breadboard jumper wires
The Siglent SDG1032X Plus is a high-performance dual-channel function/arbitrary waveform generator with a 30 MHz max frequency, 16-bit resolution, and 1 GSa/s sampling rate for superior signal fidelity.
It features TrueArb for low-distortion waveforms, EasyPulse for jitter-free pulses, and robust sequence playback. With ±10 V amplitude, a 4.3" display, and versatile modulation, it's a reliable choice for engineers and researchers.
Features
Dual Channels: Independent output with maximum frequency of 30 MHz
High Sampling Rate: 1 GSa/s for precise waveform generation
High Vertical Resolution: 16-bit resolution for accurate signal reproduction
TrueArb Technology: Generates low-distortion arbitrary waveforms with high fidelity
EasyPulse Technology: Produces jitter-free square and pulse signals with fine control over rise/fall times
Arbitrary Waveform Length: Supports up to 8 Mpts per channel for complex waveform design
Wide Amplitude Range: ±10 V maximum output amplitude
Built-in Modulation Functions: AM, FM, PM, PWM, PSK, FSK, ASK, and more
Multi-Pulse Output: Enables measurement of power equipment switching parameters
PRBS Pattern Generation: Supports up to 40 Mbps for advanced testing needs
Sweep and Burst Modes: Flexible test capabilities with adjustable parameters
Sequence Playback Function: Stores and plays back complex waveforms efficiently
Frequency Counter: Measures frequencies up to 200 MHz with high precision
User-Friendly Display: 4.3" color LCD with a clear interface
Remote Control Support: Built-in WebServer for control via a web browser
Compact Design: Portable and space-saving form factor
Specifications
Bandwidth
30 MHz
Channels
2
Sampling rate
1 GSa/s (4x Interpolation)
Vertical resolution
16 bits (per channel)
Waveform length
8 Mpts
Max. amplitude
±10 V
Display
4.3" color TFT LCD (480 x 272)
Interfaces
USB Host, USB Device, LAN
Dimensions
260 x 107 x 296 mm
Weight
4.35 kg
Included
1x Siglent SDG1032X Plus Arbitrary Function Generator
1x Power Cord
1x USB Cable
1x Guarantee Card
1x Quick Start Guide
Downloads
Datasheet
User Manual
Programming Guide
Software
The FNIRSI 2C53T, an enhanced version of its 10 MHz predecessor, is a compact and versatile 3-in-1 device. It combines a dual-channel 50 MHz oscilloscope, a 4.5-digit True RMS multimeter, and a signal generator with 13 waveform types, making it an essential tool for maintenance and research professionals.
Oscilloscope: Features 50 MHz bandwidth, 250 MS/s sampling rate, ±400 V protection, FPGA + ARM + ADC architecture, and waveform saving for analysis.
Multimeter: 4.5-digit True RMS with 19999 counts, supports AC/DC voltage, current, capacitance, resistance, diode, and continuity measurements.
Signal Generator: Outputs 13 signal types up to 50 KHz, with adjustable frequency, amplitude, and duty cycle.
With a 2.8-inch LCD, 3000 mAh battery (6-hour runtime), and a portable design, it delivers powerful functionality in a user-friendly package.
Specifications
Oscilloscope
Channels
2
Analog Bandwidth
50 MHz
Real-time Sampling Rate
250 MS/s
Storage Depth
1 Kpts
Impedance
1 MΩ
Time Base Range
10ns-20s
Vertical Sensitivity
10 mV/div-10 V/div (x1)
Maximum Measured Voltage
±400 V
Trigger Mode
Auto/Normal/Single
Trigger Type
Rising edge, Falling edge
Display Mode
Y-T/Rolling/X-Y
Coupling Method
AC/DC
Persistence
OFF, 500ms, 1s, ∞
Math
8 Basic Operations + FFT
Supported
Waveform Screenshot Save, Export Waveform Image, Cursor Measurement, Infinite Afterglow
Multimeter
DC Voltage
1.9999V/19.999V/199.99V/1000V
±(0.5%+3)
AC Voltage
1.9999V/19.999V/199.99V/750.0V
±(1%+3)
DC Current
19.999mA/199.99mA/1.9999A/9.999A
±(1.2%+3)
AC Current
19.999mA/199.99mA/1.9999A/9.999A
±(1.5%+3)
Resistance
19.999MΩ/1.9999MΩ/199.99KΩ/19.999KΩ
±(0.5%+3)
1.9999KΩ/199.99Ω
±(2.0%+3)
Capacitance
999.9uF/99.99uF/9.999uF/999.9nF/99.99nF/9.999nF
±(2.0%+5)
9.999mF/99.99mF
±(5.0%+20)
Temperature
−55~1300°C (−67~2372°F)
±(2.5%+5)
Continuity Test
Yes
Diode
Yes
Signal Generator
13 Signal Waveforms
Sine wave, rectangular wave, sawtooth wave, half wave, full wave, positive step wave, reverse step wave, exponential rise, exponential fall, DC, multi-audio, Sinker pulse, Lorentz wave
Output Frequency
0-50 KHz
Output Amplitude
0-3 V
Output Duty Cycle
0-100%
General
Display
2.8" HD color screen
Resolution
320 x 240
Charging
USB-C (5 V/1 A)
Battery
3000 mAh Lithium battery
Standby Time
6 hours
Languages
English, Chinese
Dimensions
167 x 89 x 35 mm
Weight
300 g
Differences New vs Old Version
Model
2C53T Upgrade
2C53T Predecessor
Bandwidth
50 MHz
10 MHz
Display Mode
Y-T/Rolling/X-Y
Y-T/Rolling
Math
8 Basic Operations + FFT
N/A
Cursor Function
Yes
N/A
XY Lissau Graph
Yes
N/A
Afterglow Function
Yes
N/A
Multimeter Accuracy
19999 Counts
9999 Counts
Signal Generator
50 KHz
2 MHz
Included
1x FNIRSI 2C53T Oscilloscope (50 MHz)
2x P6100 Oscilloscope probes (10X)
1x Multimeter probe
1x Alligator clip probe
1x USB-C charging cable
1x Storage bag
1x Manual
Downloads
Manual
Firmware V1.2.0
The Elektor Laser Head transforms the Elektor Sand Clock into a clock that writes the time on glow-in-the-dark film instead of sand. In addition to displaying the time, it can also be used to create ephemeral drawings. The 5 mW laser pointer, with a wavelength of 405 nm, produces bright green drawings on the glow-in-the-dark film. For best results, use the kit in a dimly lit room. Warning: Never look directly into the laser beam!
The kit includes all the necessary components, but soldering three wires is required.
Note: This kit is also compatible with the original Arduino-based Sand Clock from 2017. For more details, see Elektor Magazine 1-2/2017 and Elektor Magazine 1-2/2018.
Elektor GREEN en GOLD leden kunnen deze uitgave hier downloaden.
Nog geen lid? Klik hier om een lidmaatschap af te sluiten.
DHZ-accusysteem voor zonne-energiebouw uw eigen energieopslag voor zonnepanelen
Simulator voor zonnepanelentest en optimaliseer MPP-trackers en omvormers
De STM32 Edge-AI-ContestOntdek de nieuwe STM32N6 en ding mee naar € 5000!
Vergroten van de bandgapdaarom is er zoveel interesse in SiC en GaN
Powerbank voor noteboekgeef uw oude laptop een tweede leven
Medische robotshet overwinnen van technische en regelgevende barrières
Vorstbescherming voor fruitbomenmet temperatuurlogger
Het analoge dingde Arduino onder de analoge computers?
Zuinige relaisdriverspaart 90% spoelstroom
Verbetering van de ET5410A+ DC-belastingblijf koel en stil
electronica 2024een terugblik
Elektromagnetische compatibiliteitEMC in een notendop!
Alle begin......filtert actief
Reduceer vermogensverlies met seriecondensatorenslim gebruik van capacitieve reactantie
De betaalbare MCP4725 12-bit digitaal/analoog-omzetterEEPROM-functie zorgt voor veilig inschakelgedrag
FNIRSI LCR-ST1 smart LCR-meetpincet
Raspberry Pi-gebaseerd test- en meetlabals eerste: de ADC
Elektronische belastingweerstandmet onderdelen die u waarschijnlijk hebt liggen
2025: een AI-odysseeenkele projecten voor het nieuwe jaar
Project-update: AmpVolt v2.0100 ampère en meer!
Project 2.0correcties, updates en brieven van lezers
Ethische transparantie ontsluierdinzichten uit het Ethics in Electronics 2024 onderzoek
Audio DSP FX Processor Boarddeel 2: toepassingen maken