The Elektor Milliohmmeter Adapter uses the precision of a multimeter to measure very low resistance values. It is an adapter that converts a resistance into a voltage that can be measured with a standard multimeter. The Elektor Milliohmmeter Adapter can measure resistances below 1 mΩ using a 4-wire (Kelvin) method. It is useful for locating short circuits on printed circuit boards (PCB). The adapter features three measurement ranges – 1 mΩ, 10 mΩ, and 100 mΩ – selectable via a slide switch. It also includes onboard calibration resistors. The Elektor Milliohmmeter Adapter is powered by three 1.5 V AA batteries (not included). Specifications Measurement ranges 1 mΩ, 10 mΩ, 100 mΩ, 0.1% Power supply 3x 1.5 V AA batteries (not included) Dimensions 103 x 66 x 18 mm (compatible with Hammond 1593N-type enclosure, not included) Special feature On-board calibration resistors Downloads Documentation

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The Andonstar AD407 Pro microscope is suitable for various applications such as soldering SMDs or repair work. The microscope has a large adjustable 7" LCD display and comes with a remote. Compared to AD407, AD407 Pro offers an extra-high stand, which makes soldering of components even easier. Specifications Screen size 7 inch (17.8 cm) Image sensor 4 MP Video output UHD 2880x2160 (24fps)FHD 1920x1080 (60fps/30fps)HD 1280x720 (120fps) Video format MP4 Magnification Up to 270 times (27 inch HDMI monitor) Photo resolution Max. 12 MP (4032x3024) Photo format JPG Focus range Min. 5 cm Frame Rate Max. 120fps Video interface HDMI Storage microSD card (up to 64 GB) Power source 5 V DC Light source 2 LEDs with the stand Stand size 20 x 18 x 32 cm Included 1x Andonstar AD407 Pro Digital Microscope 1x Metal stand with 2 LEDs 1x UV filter (already assembled in the lens) 1x IR remote 1x Switch cable 1x Power adapter 1x Wrench 2x Metal clips 1x HDMI cable 1x Manual Downloads Manual Model Comparison AD407 AD407 Pro AD409 AD409 Pro-ES Screen size 7 inch (17.8 cm) 7 inch (17.8 cm) 10.1 inch (25.7 cm) 10.1 inch (25.7 cm) Image sensor 4 MP 4 MP 4 MP 4 MP Video output 2160p 2160p 2160p 2160p Interfaces HDMI HDMI USB, HDMI, WiFi USB, HDMI, WiFi Video format MP4 MP4 MP4 MP4 Magnification Up to 270x Up to 270x Up to 300x Up to 300x Photo resolution Max. 4032x3024 Max. 4032x3024 Max. 4032x3024 Max. 4032x3024 Photo format JPG JPG JPG JPG Focus distance Min. 5 cm Min. 5 cm Min. 5 cm Min. 5 cm Frame rate Max. 120f/s Max. 120f/s Max. 120f/s Max. 120f/s Storage microSD card microSD card microSD card microSD card PC support No No Windows Windows Mobile connection No No WiFi + Measurement WiFi + Measurement Power source 5 V DC 5 V DC 5 V DC 5 V DC Light source 2 LEDs with the stand 2 LEDs with the stand 2 LEDs with the stand 2 LEDs with the stand Endoscope No No No Yes Stand size 20 x 12 x 19 cm 20 x 18 x 32 cm 18 x 20 x 30 cm 18 x 20 x 32 cm Weight 1.6 kg 2.1 kg 2.2 kg 2.5 kg

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The Raspberry Pi Pico 2 WH (with headers) is a microcontroller board based on the RP2350 featuring 2.4 GHz 802.11n wireless LAN and Bluetooth 5.2. It gives you even more flexibility in your IoT or smart product designs and expanding the possibilities for your projects. The RP2350 provides a comprehensive security architecture built around Arm TrustZone for Cortex-M. It incorporates signed boot, 8 KB of antifuse OTP for key storage, SHA-256 acceleration, a hardware TRNG, and fast glitch detectors. The unique dual-core, dual-architecture capability of the RP2350 allows users to choose between a pair of industry-standard Arm Cortex-M33 cores and a pair of open-hardware Hazard3 RISC-V cores. Programmable in C/C++ and Python, and supported by detailed documentation, the Raspberry Pi Pico 2 WH is the ideal microcontroller board for both enthusiasts and professional developers. Specifications CPU Dual Arm Cortex-M33 or dual RISC-V Hazard3 processors @ 150 MHz Wireless On-board Infineon CYW43439 single-band 2.4 GHz 802.11n wireless Lan and Bluetooth 5.2 Memory 520 KB on-chip SRAM; 4 MB on-board QSPI flash Interfaces 26 multi-purpose GPIO pins, including 4 that can be used for AD Peripherals 2x UART 2x SPI controllers 2x I²C controllers 24x PWM channels 1x USB 1.1 controller and PHY, with host and device support 12x PIO state machines Input power 1.8-5.5 V DC Dimensions 21 x 51 mm Downloads Datasheet Pinout Schematic

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Soldering station for precision soldering with actively heated soldering tip The AE970D soldering iron station is a 80 W high power tool to heat up to solder fastly. Its wide temperature range of 150-550°C (302-1022°F) could meet all your soldering needs. Thanks to its high performance plug-and-play integrated active tip, AE970D can reach melting point within 9 seconds. Patented close-loop automatic constant temperature control technology can ensure its soldering with high stability, excellent performance and precise accuracy. Features 80 W high power to enable fast heating up Wider temperature range of 150-550°C (302-1022°F) to meet all your soldering needs High performance plug-and-play integrated active tip, can reach melting point within 9 seconds Patented close-loop automatic constant temperature control technology to ensure high stability, excellent performance and precise accuracy Specifications Power 80 W Input voltage 110 VAC / 230 VAC Output voltage 25 VAC Temperature range 150-550°C (302-1022°F) Heating element T80 series integrated active heater Temperature stability ±1°C/±1.8°F (when temperature >200°C/400°F) Tip to ground resistance <2 Ω Tip to ground voltage <2 mV Power cord length 1 m Handle cable length 1.2 m Dimensions 148 x 120 x 85 mm Weight (main unit) 1.33 kg Included Main unit Soldering iron incl. soldering tip T80-D12 Iron stand Brass wool Manual

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The Peak Atlas LCR45 does everything that the popular LCR40 does, but it has some significant enhancements. The LCR45 features a new high capacity micro and high resolution ADCs. LCR45 incorporates advanced maths, based on Complex Impedance analysis. This allows for enhanced component value measurement as well as a comprehensive and detailed impedance display. Features Supplied with gold plated removable hook probes Fluid measurements with hold function Automatic or manual component type Automatic or manual test frequency, DC, 1 kHz, 15 kHz or 200 kHz Enhanced measurement resolution: 0.2 µH, 0.2 pF and 0.2 Ohms Easy menu system for user settings Enhanced compensation for component parasitics and losses (such as core losses etc) Automatic or manual power-off Specifications Analyser type LCR and component impedance Component types Auto/Manual for L,C & R Measurement types Inductance, Capacitance and Resistance Other measurements Complex impedance/admittance More measurements Magnitude and Phase of impedance Inductance range 0uH to 2H Capacitance range 0 pF to 10000 uF Resistance range 0R to 2MR Test frequency Auto and manual: DC, 1 kHz, 15 kHz, 200 kHz Display type Alphanumeric LCD (not backlit) Measurement scheme Continuous (with optional hold) Battery GP23 (12 V/55 mAH type), ~700 ops Included LCR45 Passive Component Impedance Meter 2 mm plugs and sockets and removeable hook probes Comprehensive illustrated user guide 2 Batteries, one installed and one spare. GP23 Alkaline battery. (12 V/55 mAH) Downloads Datasheet (EN) User Guide (EN) User Guide (FR) User Guide (IT)

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The BB830T is a solderless (plug-in) transparent breadboard with 830 connection tie-points (i.e. 830 wire insertion holes). It has 4 power rails. Solderless breadboards are great for building and testing new circuits because parts can be easily inserted and removed. They are completely re-usable. The BB830T has a 630 tie-point IC-circuit area plus four 50 tie-point power rails. Specifications 830 tie points total: 630 tie-point IC-circuit area plus two 100 tie-point distribution strips providing 4 power rails. ABS plastic/transparent body with black printed legend. Color legend on distribution strips. Contacts are Phosphor Bronze with Plated Nickel Finish, rated for 50,000 insertions. Rated at 36 Volts, 2 Amps. Insertion Wire Size is 21 to 26 AWG, 0.016 to 0.028 inches diameter (0.4 to 0.7mm diameter). Peelable adhesive tape backing provided for attaching to a surface. Metal back plate provided.

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Resonances From Aether Days A Pictorial and Technical Analysis from WWII to the Internet Age From the birth of radio to the late 1980s, much of real life unfolded through shortwave communication. World War II demonstrated—beyond a shadow of a doubt—that effective communications equipment was a vital prerequisite for military success. In the postwar years, shortwave became the backbone on which many of the world's most critical services depended every day. All the radio equipment—through whose cathodes, grids, plates, and transistors so much of human history has flowed—is an exceptional subject of study and enjoyment for those of us who are passionate about vintage electronics. In this book, which begins in the aftermath of World War II, you’ll find a rich collection of information: descriptions, tips, technical notes, photos, and schematics that will be valuable for anyone interested in restoring—or simply learning about—these extraordinary witnesses to one of the most remarkable eras in technological history. My hope is that these pages will help preserve this vast treasure of knowledge, innovation, and history—a heritage that far transcends the purely technical.

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This 'All in One' Raspberry Pi 4 Desktop Starterkit contains all official parts and allows an easy and quick start! Raspberry Pi 4 Desktop Kit contains: Raspberry Pi US Keyboard & Mouse 2x micro HDMI to Standard HDMI cable (A/M) 1 m Raspberry Pi 15.3 W USB-C Power Supply (EU version) Raspberry Pi 4 Case Official Raspberry Pi Beginner's Guide (English language) 16 GB NOOBS with Raspbian microSD card Raspberry Pi 4 B is NOT included.

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All you need to know about good acoustics and sound systems in performance and worship spaces! Everyone knows that the ability to hear music in balance and to understand speech is essential in any space used for performance or worship. Unfortunately, in the early 21st century, we find that buildings with good acoustics are the exception rather than the rule. Much of the fault leading to this result can be traced to the widespread perception that acoustics is a black art. In fact, scientific acoustics as developed in the last century is a well-defined engineering practice that can lead to predictable excellent results. A basic, non-engineering understanding of acoustics will help building owners, theater managers, ministers and teachers of music, performers, and other professionals to achieve their goals of excellent acoustics in venues with which they work. Performers having a basic understanding of acoustics will be able to make the most of the acoustics of the venue in which they perform. This book helps those responsible for providing good acoustics in performance and worship spaces to understand the variables and choices entailed in proper acoustic design for performance and worship. Practicing acoustical consultants will find the book a useful reference as well. The level of presentation is comfortable and straightforward without being simplistic. If correct acoustical principles are incorporated into the design, renovation, and maintenance of performance and worship venues, good acoustics will be the result.

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The OWON XDM2041 is a low-cost, high-precision benchtop multimeter. The meter has a True RMS function to measure the AC voltage and current and it has a reading speed of up to 65 values per second. Also, the XDM2041 is equipped with functions such as measuring 2-wire and 4-wire resistance. The XDM2041 is able to store data internally in the memory of the meter and display it on the 3.7" high-resolution LCD display. Up to 1000 points can be stored and the time interval can be varied from 15ms to 9999s. By means of the RS232 port on the back of the device, the meter can be programmed and controlled via SCPI. Specifications Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy ±(% of reading + LSB) DC Voltage 50.000mV 0.001mV 0.1%+10 500.00mV 0.01mV 0.025%+5 5.0000V 0.0001V 0.025%+5 50.000V 0.001V 0.03%+5 500.00V 0.01V 0.1%+5 1000.0V 0.1V 0.1%+5 AC Voltage 500mv-750v 20Hz~45Hz 1%+30 45Hz~65Hz 0.5%+30 65Hz~1KHz 0.7%+30 DC Current 500uA 0.01uA 0.15%+20 5000uA 0.1uA 0.15%+10 50mA 0.001mA 0.15%+20 500mA 0.01mA 0.15%+10 5A 0.0001A 0.5%+10 10A 0.001A 0.5%+10 AC Current 500uA-500mA 20 Hz-1 kHz 0.5%+20 5A-10A 1.5%+20 Resistance 500Ω 0.01Ω 0.1%+10 5KΩ 0.0001KΩ 0.1%+5 50KΩ 0.001KΩ 0.1%+5 500KΩ 0.01KΩ 0.1%+5 5MΩ 0.0001MΩ 0.25%+5 50MΩ 0.001MΩ 0.1%+10 Four-wire resistance 500Ω 0.01Ω 0.1%+10 5KΩ 0.0001KΩ 0.1%+5 50KΩ 0.001KΩ 0.1%+5   Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy ±(% of reading + % of range) Frequency 10.000Hz-60MHz / ±(0.2%+8) Capacitance 50nF-500uF / 2.5%+5 5mF-50mF 5%+8 Diode 3.0000 V 0.0001V / Continuity 1000 Ω 0.1Ω / Temperature K type，PT100 Display 55,000 Data-logging Function Logging Duration 15ms-9999s Logging Length 1,000 points Included 1x OWON XDM2041 Multimeter 2x Multimeter leads 2x Alligator clips 1x Fuse 1x Manual Downloads User manual Programming manual PC software

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The OWON HDS160 is a precise 4½-digit True RMS multimeter (60,000 counts), ideal for professionals, makers, and students. It offers intelligent probe detection, automatic waveform measurements (Vmax, Vmin, Vp-p, Vavg, Vrms, and frequency) and a fully featured handheld oscilloscope (1 MHz). Features Multifunctional Measuring Instrument: 4½-digit Multimeter + Oscilloscope Automatic Waveform Measurements: Including Vmax, Vmin, Vp-p, Vavg, Vrms, and frequency. User-Friendly Design: Clearly labeled keys for easy operation and increased device lifespan. Intelligent Probe Detection: Automatically switches measurement functions based on the probe insertion, effectively preventing instrument damage caused by incorrect operation. Efficient Energy Management: Powered by 18650 lithium batteries, ensuring longer operating time and enhanced reliability for extended measurement tasks. Safe High-Voltage Measurement: Complies with CAT Ⅲ 1000 V standards, allowing safe and direct measurement of high-voltage waveforms up to 1000 V, broadening application possibilities. High-Definition Display: Features a 2.8-inch IPS screen with a wide viewing angle, ensuring clear readability from any perspective. Adaptive Environmental Display: High-brightness and high-contrast dual-theme display modes provide optimal visibility under bright and low-light conditions, improving overall usability. Multimeter Specifications Measurement Range Accuracy DC Voltage (V) 60.000mV / 600.00mV / 6.0000V / 60.000V / 600.00V / 1000.0V ±(0.05%+5 dig) AC Voltage (V) 60.000mV / 600.00mV / 6.0000V / 60.000V / 600.00V / 750.00V ±(0.1%+30dig) DC Current (A) 600.00uA / 6000.0uA / 60.000mA / 600.00mA / 6.0000A / 10.000A ±(0.15%+10dig) AC Current (A) 600.00uA / 6000.0uA / 60.000mA / 600.00mA / 6.0000A / 10.000A ±(0.5%+20dig) Resistance (Ω) 600.00Ω / 6.0000kΩ / 60.000kΩ / 600.00KΩ / 6.0000MΩ / 60.000MΩ ±(0.15%+10dig) Capacitance (F) 6.000nF / 60.00nF / 600.0nF / 6.000μF / 60.00μF / 600.0μF / 6.000mF / 60.00mF ±(2.0%+20dig) Frequency (Hz) 60.00Hz / 600.00Hz / 6.0000kHz / 60.000kHz / 600.00kHz / 6.0000MHz / 60.000MHz ±(0.2%+10dig) Duty Cycle 0.1%~99.9% (typical value: Vrms=1V, f=100Hz) ±(1.2%+3dig) 0.1%~99.9% (≥1kHz) ±(2.5%+10dig) Diode 3.0000V ±(1.0%+10dig) On-Off 1000.0Ω Display 60000 Oscilloscope Specifications Analog bandwidth 1 MHz (only ACV scale) Channel 1 Time base range 2.5us~10s/grid Voltage vertical sensitivity range 30 mV~500 V/grid Vertical amplitude accuracy ±(5% + 0.2div） Maximum voltage limit 1000 V DC+AC Peak value Trigger mode Auto/Normal/Single Auto set Time base/Vertical amplitude/Trigger value Maximum sample 5.0 MSa/s Input impedance ≈10 MΩ Time base accuracy ±(0.01% + 0.1div） Current vertical sensitivity range 100 μA~5 A/grid Measurement function Vmax, Vmin, Vp-p, Vavg, Vrms, Hz Maximum current limit 15 A DC+AC Peak value Trigger edge Rise edge/Fall edge General Specifications Display 2.8" LCD (320 x 240) Low battery indication Yes Backlight Yes Sleep Mode Yes Input Protection Yes Relative Measurement Yes Input Impedance ≥10 MΩ Battery 18650 Lithium Safety Compliance CAT III 1000V Dimensions 93 x 41.5 x 188 mm Weight 0.35 kg Included 1x OWON HDS160 Multimeter & Oscilloscope 2x Multimeter leads 1x USB cable 1x Storage bag 1x Manual Downloads Datasheet Manual

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A Retro Roll with a Neon Soul LED-based dice are common, but their light is cold. Not so for this electronic neon dice, which displays its value with the warm glow of neon lamps. It is perfect for playing games on cold, dark winter evenings. The pips of the dice are neon lamps and the random number generator has six neon lamps to show that it is working. Even though the dice has an on-board 100-V power supply, it is completely safe. As with all Elektor Classic products, the dice too has its circuit diagram printed on the front while an explanation of how the circuit works can be found on the rear side. The Neon Lamp Dice comes as a kit of easy-to-solder through-hole parts. The power supply is a 9-V battery (not included). Features Warm Vintage Glow Elektor Heritage Circuit Symbols Tried & Tested by Elektor Labs Educational & Geeky Project Through-Hole Parts Only Included Printed Circuit Board All Components Wooden Stand Required 9 V battery Component List Resistors (THT, 150 V, 0.25 W) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R14 = 1 MΩ R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12 = 18 kΩ R13, R15, R16, R17, R18, R21, R23, R24, R25, R26, R28, R30, R33 = 100 kΩ R32, R34 = 1.2 kΩ R19, R20, R22, R27, R29 = 4.7 kΩ R31 = 1 Ω Capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 = 470 nF, 50 V, 5 mm pitch C7, C9, C11, C12 = 1 µF, 16 V, 2 mm pitch C8 = 470 pF, 50 V, 5 mm pitch C10 = 1 µF, 250 V, 2.5 mm pitch Inductors L1 = 470 µH Semiconductors D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 = 1N4148 D8 = STPS1150 IC1 = NE555 IC2 = 74HC374 IC3 = MC34063 IC4 = 78L05 T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 = MPSA42 T6 = STQ2LN60K3-AP Miscellaneous K1 = PP3 9 V battery holder NE1, NE2, NE3, NE4, NE5, NE6, NE7, NE8, NE9, NE10, NE11, NE12, NE13 = neon light S2 = Miniature slide switch S1 = Pushbutton (12 x 12 mm)

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Ready to explore the world around you? By attaching the Sense HAT to your Raspberry Pi, you can quickly and easily develop a variety of creative applications, useful experiments, and exciting games. The Sense HAT contains several helpful environmental sensors: temperature, humidity, pressure, accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope. Additionally, an 8x8 LED matrix is provided with RGB LEDs, which can be used to display multi-color scrolling or fixed information, such as the sensor data. Use the small onboard joystick for games or applications that require user input. In Innovate with Sense HAT for Raspberry Pi, Dr. Dogan Ibrahim explains how to use the Sense HAT in Raspberry Pi Zero W-based projects. Using simple terms, he details how to incorporate the Sense HAT board in interesting visual and sensor-based projects. You can complete all the projects with other Raspberry Pi models without any modifications. Exploring with Sense HAT for Raspberry Pi includes projects featuring external hardware components in addition to the Sense HAT board. You will learn to connect the Sense HAT board to the Raspberry Pi using jumper wires so that some of the GPIO ports are free to be interfaced to external components, such as to buzzers, relays, LEDs, LCDs, motors, and other sensors. The book includes full program listings and detailed project descriptions. Complete circuit diagrams of the projects using external components are given where necessary. All the projects were developed using the latest version of the Python 3 programming language. You can easily download projects from the book’s web page. Let’s start exploring with Sense HAT.

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Practical Applications and Project with Arduino, ESP32, and RP2040 Immerse yourself in the fascinating world of control engineering with Arduino and ESP32! This book offers you a practical introduction to classic and modern control methods, including PID controllers, fuzzy logic, and sliding-mode controllers. In the first part, you will learn the basics of the popular Arduino controllers, such as the Arduino Uno and the ESP32, as well as the integration of sensors for temperature and pH measurement (NTC, PT100, PT1000, and pH sensor). You will learn how to use these sensors in various projects and how to visualize data on a Nextion TFT display. The course continues with an introduction to actuators such as MOSFET switches, H-bridges, and solid-state relays, which are used to control motors and actuators. You will learn to analyze and model controlled systems, including PT1 and PT2 control. The book focuses on the implementation of fuzzy and PID controllers for controlling temperature and DC motors. Both the Arduino Uno and the ESP32 are used. The sliding-mode controller is also introduced. In the second-to-last chapter, you will explore the basics of neural networks and learn how machine learning can be used on an Arduino. In the last chapter, there is a practical example of a fuzzy controller for feeding electricity into the household grid. This book is the perfect choice for engineers, students, and electronics engineers who want to expand their projects with innovative control techniques.

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A Hands-on Guide to Crafting Your Own Power Plant The book you are about to read provides a step-by-step guide for building a renewable energy power plant at home. Our goal was to make the book as practical as possible. The material is intended for immediate application with a small amount of theory. Yet, the theory is important as a foundation that saves time and effort by disabusing the readers of potential misconceptions. Specifically, upon having a firm understanding of photovoltaic physics, you will not be inclined to fruitlessly search for 90% efficient solar panels! We want our readers to be the “doers”. If the book gets covered in grime and some pages become torn while you are building your power plant – this is the best compliment to us. The book covers solar and wind energy. Also, a curious power source based on manure is discussed as well, giving the doers an opportunity to further develop the manure fuel cell. It is important to note that there are many companies offering installation of complete solar solutions. Upon installing the panels, the system is not owned by the customer. Therefore, there is no freedom for experimentation and optimization. Also, none can beat the cost of a DIY solution as well as the ultimate satisfaction. All that is written here is a result of us building a renewable energy solution in Southern California. As the book was completed, the energy began flowing!

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Learn RC and RL Filters with Hands-On Circuits and Simulation Introduction to Electronic Filters is your comprehensive guide to understanding, designing, and applying first-order electronic filters using resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Whether you are a student, maker, or educator, this book demystifies the theory behind RC and RL filters and bridges the gap between concepts and real-world applications through simulation and experimentation. From the basics of frequency response and phase shift to hands-on breadboard builds and Python-based simulations, this book offers a deeply practical learning experience. You will learn to analyse filters using Bode plots and phasors, and explore applications in audio tone shaping, sensor signal conditioning, noise reduction, and power supply filtering. As you progress, you’ll build, measure, simulate, and tune filters using modern tools like CircuitLab, Python, and the Analog Discovery 3. Each chapter includes thoughtfully crafted activities that reinforce learning by doing – designing filters for specific tasks, simulating dynamic behaviour, and observing how theory translates into performance. Inside you’ll find: A clear introduction to the fundamentals of electronic filters Detailed explanations of RC and RL filters, cutoff frequency, and phase Guided activities using both simulation and hardware tools Real-life applications in audio, sensors, power supplies, and more A beginner-friendly primer on Python and algebra for electronics Whether you’re working through simulations or experimenting with real components on your workbench, this book will help you develop a solid understanding of electronic filters and their role in practical circuits.

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Case for 7' RGB-Touch-Display for Raspberry Pi

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Mastering PCB design with real-world projects This book builts on KiCad Like a Pro – Fundamentals and Projects and aims to help you practice your new KiCad skills by challenging you in a series of real-world projects. The projects are supported by a comprehensive set of recipes with detailed instructions on how to achieve a variety of simple and complex tasks. Design the PCBs for a solar power supply, an LED matrix array, an Arduino-powered datalogger, and a custom ESP32 board. Understand the finer details of the interactive router, how to manage KiCad project teams with Git, how to use an autorouter on 2 and 4-layer PCBs, and much more. KiCad 8 is a modern, cross-platform application suite built around schematic and design editors. This stable and mature PCB tool is a perfect fit for electronic engineers and makers. With KiCad 8, you can create PCBs of any complexity and size without the constraints associated with the commercial packages. Here are the most significant improvements and features in KiCad 8, both over and under the hood: Modern user interface, completely redesigned from earlier versions Improved and customizable electrical and design rule checkers Theme editor allowing you to fully customize the look of KiCad on your screen Ability to import projects from Eagle, CADSTART, and more An improved and tightly integrated SPICE circuit simulator Autorouting with the Freerouting plugin Filters define which elements of a layout are selectable Enhanced interactive router helps you draw single tracks and differential pairs with precision New or enhanced tools to draw tracks, measure distances, tune track lengths, etc. Enhanced tool for creating filled zones A customizable coordinate system facilitates data exchange with other CAD applications Realistic ray-tracing capable 3D viewer Differential pair routing Rich repositories of symbol, footprint, and 3D shape libraries Python scripting API for programmatic customization and extensions Improved footprint wizard for fast custom footprints

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Architecture, Programming and Applications The MSP430 is a popular family of microcontrollers from Texas Instruments. In this book we will work with the smallest type, which is the powerful MSP430G2553. We will look at the capabilities of this microcontroller in detail, as it is well-suited for self-made projects because it is available in a P-DIP20 package. We will take a closer look at the microcontroller and then build, step by step, some interesting applications, including a 'Hello World' blinking LED and a nice clock application, which can calculate the day of the week based on the date. You also will learn how to create code for the MSP microcontroller in assembler. In addition to that, we will work with the MSP-Arduino IDE, which makes it quite easy to create fast applications without special in-depth knowledge of the microcontrollers. All the code used in the book is available for download from the Elektor website.

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