Valve Amplifiers are regarded by many to be the ne plus ultra when it comes to processing audio signals. The combination of classical technology and modern components has resulted in a revival of the valve amplifier. The use of toraidal-core output transformers, developed by the author over the past 15 years, has contributed to this revival. The most remarkable features of these transformers are their extremely wide frequency ranges and their very low levels of linear and nonlinear distortion. This book explains the whys and wherefores of toroidal output transformers at various technical levels, starting with elementary concepts and culminating in complete mathematical descriptions. In all of this, the interactions of the output valves, transformer and loudspeaker form the central theme. Next come the practical aspects. The schematic diagram of a valve amplifier often appears to be very simple at first glance, but anyone who has built a modern valve amplifier knows that a lot of critical details are hidden behind this apparent simplicity. These are discussed extensively, in connection with designs for amplifiers with output powers ranging from 10 to 100 watts. Finally, the author gives some attention to a number of special valve amplifiers, and to the theory and practice of negative feedback. In summary, this book offers innovative solutions for achieving perfect audio quality. Do-it-yourself builders, as well as persons who want to gain a deeper technical understanding of the complex world of audio transformers, valve amplifiers and audio signal processing, will find this book a rich and useful source of information.

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As demand for solar panel installation has risen sharply, especially for installations larger than balcony power plants, the order books of solar companies are full. If you ask for a quote today, you may have to wait a while, if your request isn't simply postponed indefinitely. Another consequence of the solar boom is that some companies are charging very high prices for installations. Yet there is an obvious and radical solution to the problem of excessive prices: Do it yourself, as the English say. The price of materials is currently affordable, and it's the ideal time for those who do the work themselves. They couldn't save more. Add to this the satisfaction of doing something useful, both economically and ecologically, and the pleasure of building yourself. In this special issue, you'll find a wide selection of Elektor assemblies, from solar panel controllers to solar water heaters and solar panel orientation systems. The issue also contains practical information on solar panel installation and the technology behind them. Finally, there are a number of articles on the subject of balcony power plants, from how to install them to how to connect them to the Internet... Contents BASICS Dimensioning Photovoltaic Panel ArraysAn introduction to photovoltaic energy and the commonest techniques,followed by simplified calculation models and setup guidelines. Light Sensor TechnologyMeasuring daylight using LEDs. Solar Power Made SimpleSolar charging with and without a controller. Cable Cross-sections and Energy Losses in Solar SystemsKey considerations on the minimum values to respect for electricalcurrent in solar panel cabling. Solar ModulesEverything you always wanted to know about solar panels... Ideal Diode ControllerDiode Circuits with Low Power Dissipation. TIPS Tracking for Solar Modules zBot Solar/Battery Power Supply Solar Cell Array Charger with Regulator Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Solar-Powered Night Light Alternative Solar Battery Charger PROJECTS Energy LoggerMeasuring and Recording Power Consumption. Tiny Solar SupplySunlight In, 3.3 V Out. A Do-It-Yourself DTURead Data from Small Inverters by μC. Solar ChargerPortable energy for people on the move. Solar Thermal Energy RegulatorMaximum power point tracking explored. 2-amp Maximum Power Tracking ChargerSolar Power To The Max. Computer-driven HeliostatFollow the sun or the stars. Garden LightingUsing solar cells. Solar Panel Voltage Converter for IoT DevicesYes we CAN exploit indoor lighting. Travel ChargerFree power in the mountains. Solar Cell Battery Charger/MonitorWith protection against deep discharge. Solar-powered Battery ChargerPIC12C671 avoids overcharging and deep charging. Converters for Photovoltaic PanelsContributed by TME (Transfer MultisortElektronik). Solar Charging RegulatorFor panels up to 53 watts. Solar-Powered ChargerFor lead-acid batteries. CAN Bus + Arduino for Solar PV Cell MonitoringDetect and locate serviceable panels in large arrays. Balcony Power Plant 2.0The latest: solar panels, installation and inverters

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Use your Raspberry Pi with LTE Cat-4 4G/3G/2G Communication & GNSS Positioning, for remote data transmission/phone/SMS, suitable for remote area monitoring/alarming. This 4G hat is based on the Maduino Zero 4G LTE, but without any controller. It needs to work with Raspberry Pi (2x20 connector and USB). The Raspberry communicate with this HAT with simple AT commands (via the TX/RX Pins in the 2X20 connector) for simple controls, such as SMS/Phone/GNSS; with the USB connecting and proper Linux driver installed, the 4G hat act as a 4G network adapter, that can access to the Internet and transmit data with 4G protocol. Compares to normal USB 4G dongle, this Raspberry Pi 4G Hat has the following advantages: Onboard Audio codec, that you can have a call directly with your RPI, or auto broadcasting with a loudspeaker; Hardware UART communication, hardware controlling of Power(by 2s pulse of PI GPIO or POWERKEY button), hardware controlling of flight mode; Dual LTE 4G antenna, plus GPS antenna Features LTE Cat-4, with uplink rate 50 Mbps and downlink rate 150 Mbps GNSS Positioning Audio Driver NAU8810 Supports dial-up, phone, SMS, TCP, UDP, DTMF, HTTP, FTP, and so on Supports GPS, BeiDou, Glonass, LBS base station positioning SIM card slot, supports 1.8V/3V SIM card Onboard audio jack and audio decoder for making a telephone call 2x LED indicators, easy to monitor the working status Supports SIM application toolkit: SAT Class 3, GSM 11.14 Release 99, USAT Included 1x 4G LTE Hat For Raspberry Pi 1x GPS antenna 2x 4G LTE antenna 2x Standoff Downloads GitHub

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The OWON XDM1241 is a fast, high-precision digital True RMS benchtop multimeter with a high-resolution 3.5-inch LCD and 50,000 counts. Its DC voltage accuracy is up to 0.05% and it can measure up to 65 values per second. Features 3.5' high-resolution LCD (480x320 pixels) 55000 counts, DC voltage accuracy up to 0.05% Up to 65 readings per second Dual line display supported Trend analysis accessible in chart mode AC True RMS measurements (bandwidth: 20 Hz – 1 kHz) SCPI support: Remote control the multimeter through PC software via USB port Data record function, you can record the measured data into internal memory, and then read and process the recorded data with your computer. Specifications Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy DC Voltage 50.000 mV 0.001 mV 0.1% +10 500.00 mV 0.01 mV 0.05% +5 5.0000 V 0.0001 V 0.05% +5 50.000 V 0.001 V 0.05% +5 500.00 V 0.01 V 0.1% +5 1000.0 V 0.1 V 0.1% +10 AC Voltage 500 mV～750 V 20 Hz～45 Hz 1% +30 45 Hz～65 Hz 0.5% +30 65 Hz～1 KHz 0.7% +30 DC Current 500 uA 0.01 uA 0.15% +20 5000 uA 0.1 uA 0.15% +10 50 mA 0.001 mA 0.15% +20 500 mA 0.01 mA 0.15% +10 5 A 0.0001 A 0.5% +10 10 A 0.001 A 0.5% +10 AC Current 500 uA～500 mA 20 Hz～1 KHz 0.5% +20 5 A-10 A 1.5% +20 Resistance 500 Ω 0.01 Ω 0.15% +10 5 KΩ 0.0001 KΩ 0.15% +5 50 KΩ 0.001 KΩ 0.15% +5 500 KΩ 0.01 KΩ 0.15% +5 5 MΩ 0.0001 MΩ 0.3% +5 50 MΩ 0.001 MΩ 1% +10 Frequency 10.000 Hz～60 MHz / ±(0.2% +10) Capacitance 50 nF～500 uF / 2.5% +10 5 mF～50 mF 5% +10 Diode 3.0000 V 0.0001 V / Continuity 1000 Ω 0.1 Ω Adjustable threshold Temperature K type, PT100 Max Display 55,000 counts Data-logging Function Logging Duration 15ms～9999.999s Logging Length 1,000 points Display 3.5' TFT LCD (480x320 pixels) Power supply Lithium battery via USB-C or 5 V DC input Dimensions 235 x 88 x 65 mm Weight approx. 0.5 kg Included 1x OWON XDM1241 Multimeter 2x Test leads 1x USB cable 1x USB to DC cord 1x Manual Downloads Programming Manual PC Software

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A Practical Guide to AI, Python, and Hardware Projects Welcome to your BeagleY-AI journey! This compact, powerful, and affordable single-board computer is perfect for developers and hobbyists. With its dedicated 4 TOPS AI co-processor and a 1.4 GHz Quad-core Cortex-A53 CPU, the BeagleY-AI is equipped to handle both AI applications and real-time I/O tasks. Powered by the Texas Instruments AM67A processor, it offers DSPs, a 3D graphics unit, and video accelerators. Inside this handbook, you‘ll find over 50 hands-on projects that cover a wide range of topics—from basic circuits with LEDs and sensors to an AI-driven project. Each project is written in Python 3 and includes detailed explanations and full program listings to guide you. Whether you‘re a beginner or more advanced, you can follow these projects as they are or modify them to fit your own creative ideas. Here’s a glimpse of some exciting projects included in this handbook: Morse Code Exerciser with LED or BuzzerType a message and watch it come to life as an LED or buzzer translates your text into Morse code. Ultrasonic Distance MeasurementUse an ultrasonic sensor to measure distances and display the result in real time. Environmental Data Display & VisualizationCollect temperature, pressure, and humidity readings from the BME280 sensor, and display or plot them on a graphical interface. SPI – Voltmeter with ADCLearn how to measure voltage using an external ADC and display the results on your BeagleY-AI. GPS Coordinates DisplayTrack your location with a GPS module and view geographic coordinates on your screen. BeagleY-AI and Raspberry Pi 4 CommunicationDiscover how to make your BeagleY-AI and Raspberry Pi communicate over a serial link and exchange data. AI-Driven Object Detection with TensorFlow LiteSet up and run an object detection model using TensorFlow Lite on the BeagleY-AI platform, with complete hardware and software details provided.

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The intention of this book is to offer the reader understandings, ideas and solutions from the perspective of a workbench technician and electronics hobbyist. It is a descriptive text with many tables of useful data, servicing tips and supplementary notes of not so common knowledge. Today there is a re-emerging, nostalgic interest in vinyl records and associated music entertainment gear. With this interest, there is a paralleled market for the repair of this gear. This ‘hands-on’ servicing guide opens with fundamental considerations of the work space of repair and servicing. This includes a comprehensive discussion of essential test equipment and tools. Two chapters are devoted to obtaining servicing information about repair and obtaining spare parts. A key chapter is on general diagnosis and testing and includes the discussion of resistance, capacitance and inductance. These electrical properties are regularly in the mind of the repairer, so understanding of them is a key objective of this book. The next chapter is about time saving repair techniques and ensuring quality repair. The remaining chapters discuss entertainment equipment itself. Each of the chapters begins with an orderly discussion of the theory of operation and common and not so common problems specific to the equipment. All chapters conclude with a summary.

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. An Autonomous Sensor NodeLoRa-Based Data Transmission and Power by Solar Cells Elektor eXpansion Board v1.0For ESP32-S3 and other XIAO controller boards Model Railroad with CameraInstalling an ESP32 CAM Module Broadband Magnetic Antenna for Long WaveMultiple Channels Without Tuning TensorFlow Lite on Small MicrocontrollersA (Very) Beginner’s Point of View A Hub for RS-422 and RS-485 DevicesWire Your Bus Like a Star RF ProbeWith LED Bar Graph Starting Out in Electronics……Reviews More Opamp Circuits Open VarioThe Open-Source Multifunction Variometer for Paragliding From Life’s ExperienceAbout Taking Things for Granted AI-Based Water Meter Reading (Part 2)Get Your Old Meter Onto the IoT! ML-Based Pest DetectionSmart Agriculture Device With IoT Connectivity Why Anybus CompactCom Is the Ideal Choice for Embedded Industrial Communication IQRF Communication StandardReliability for Lossy, Low-Rate Wireless Mesh Networks How to Build a Smart Agricultural RobotEssential Technical Considerations and Challenges Audio Notch Filter with Adjustable FrequencyUniversal Solution for Suppressing Frequencies in Audio Applications The LeoINAGPS SystemGets Useful Insights on Your Electric Vehicle Solar-Powered LoRa NodeA Modular, Compact, and Versatile IoT Solution AWS for Arduino and Co. (2)Sending Data Using AWS IoT ExpressLink Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters 2024: An AI OdysseyDesktop Versus Embedded Accelerators: A Look at Some Options ESP32 Range ExtenderA Simple Antenna Modification

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Is your house haunted? Or, rather, are you convinced that your house is haunted but have never been able to prove it since you've never had a camera that integrated with your Raspberry Pi Zero but was still small enough that the ghosts wouldn't notice it? Luckily, the spy camera for Raspberry Pi Zero is smaller than a thumbnail with a high enough resolution to see people, ghosts, or whatever it is you're looking for. It's about the size of a cell phone camera – the module being just 8.6 x 8.6 mm – with only a 2' cable, so you can create an extra compact and sneaky little spy cam. It has a 160-degree focal angle for a very wide/distorted fisheye effect that's great for security systems or watching a big swath of the living room or roadway. Like the Raspberry Pi camera board, it attaches to your Raspberry Pi Zero v1.3 or Zero W by way of the small socket on the board's edge closest to the 'PWR in' port. This interface uses the dedicated CSI interface, which was designed especially for interfacing to cameras. The CSI bus is capable of extremely high data rates, and it exclusively carries pixel data. The camera is connected to the BCM2835 processor on the RPi via the CSI bus, a higher bandwidth link which carries pixel data from the camera back to the processor. This bus travels along the ribbon cable that attaches the camera board to the Pi. The ribbon cables are compatible with both the RPi Zero v1.3 and RPi Zero W. The sensor itself has a native resolution of 5 megapixels and has a fixed focus lens onboard. It has similar specs as the original RPi camera, but is not as high-res as the new RPi camera v2! Specifications Camera Module Dimensions: 8.6 x 8.6 mm Lens Diameter: 10 mm Total Length: 60 mm Lens Focal Angle: 160 degrees Weight: 1.9 g

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The Robotics Board features 2 Dual H Bridge Motor Driver ICs. These are capable of driving 2 standard motors or 1 stepper motor each, with full forward, reverse, and stop control. There are also 8 servo outputs, capable of driving standard and continuous rotation servos. They can all be controlled by the Pico using the I²C protocol, via a 16 channel driver IC. The IO break out provides connections to all the unused pins on the Pico. The 27 available I/O pins allow other devices, such as sensors or ZIP LEDs, to be added to the board. Power is provided via either a terminal block or servo style connector. The supply is then controlled by an on/off power switch to the board and there is also a green LED to indicate when the board has power. The board then produces a regulated 3.3V supply which is fed into the 3 V and GND connections to power the connected Pico. This removes the need to power the Pico separately. The 3 V and GND pins are also broken out on the header, which means external devices can also be powered. To use the robotics board, the Pico should be firmly inserted into the dual row pin socket on the board. Ensure the Pico is inserted with the USB connector at the same end as the power connectors on the robotics board. This will allow access to all of the board functions and each pin is broken out. Features A compact yet feature-packed board designed to sit at the heart of your Raspberry Pi Pico robotics projects. The board can drive 4 motors (or 2 stepper motors) and 8 servos, with full forward, reverse, and stop control. It also features 27 other I/O expansion points and Power and Ground connections. The I²C communication lines are also broken out allowing other I²C compatible devices to be controlled. This board also features an on/off switch and power status LED. Power the board via either a terminal block or servo style connector. The 3V and GND pins are also broken out on the Link header, allowing external devices to be powered. Code it with MicroPython or via an editor such as the Thonny editor. 1 x Kitronik Compact Robotics Board for Raspberry Pi Pico Dimensions: 68 x 56 x 10 mm Requires Raspberry Pi Pico board

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Inside the RP2040 is a 'permanent ROM' USB UF2 bootloader. What that means is when you want to program new firmware, you can hold down the BOOTSEL button while plugging it into USB (or pulling down the RUN/Reset pin to ground) and it will appear as a USB disk drive you can drag the firmware onto. Folks who have been using Adafruit products will find this very familiar – Adafruit uses the technique on all thier native-USB boards. Just note you don't double-click reset, instead hold down BOOTSEL during boot to enter the bootloader! The RP2040 is a powerful chip, which has the clock speed of our M4 (SAMD51), and two cores that are equivalent to our M0 (SAMD21). Since it is an M0 chip, it does not have a floating point unit, or DSP hardware support – so if you're doing something with heavy floating-point math, it will be done in software and thus not as fast as an M4. For many other computational tasks, you'll get close-to-M4 speeds! For peripherals, there are two I²C controllers, two SPI controllers, and two UARTs that are multiplexed across the GPIO – check the pinout for what pins can be set to which. There are 16 PWM channels, each pin has a channel it can be set to (ditto on the pinout). Specifications Measures 2.0 x 0.9 x 0.28' (50.8 x 22.8 x 7 mm) without headers soldered in Light as a (large?) feather – 5 grams RP2040 32-bit Cortex M0+ dual core running at ~125 MHz @ 3.3 V logic and power 264 KB RAM 8 MB SPI FLASH chip for storing files and CircuitPython/MicroPython code storage. No EEPROM Tons of GPIO! 21 x GPIO pins with following capabilities: Four 12 bit ADCs (one more than Pico) Two I²C, Two SPI and two UART peripherals, one is labeled for the 'main' interface in standard Feather locations 16 x PWM outputs - for servos, LEDs, etc The 8 digital 'non-ADC/non-peripheral' GPIO are consecutive for maximum PIO compatibility Built in 200 mA+ lipoly charger with charging status indicator LED Pin #13 red LED for general purpose blinking RGB NeoPixel for full color indication. On-board STEMMA QT connector that lets you quickly connect any Qwiic, STEMMA QT or Grove I²C devices with no soldering! Both Reset button and Bootloader select button for quick restarts (no unplugging-replugging to relaunch code) 3.3 V Power/enable pin Optional SWD debug port can be soldered in for debug access 4 mounting holes 24 MHz crystal for perfect timing. 3.3 V regulator with 500mA peak current output USB Type C connector lets you access built-in ROM USB bootloader and serial port debugging RP2040 Chip Features Dual ARM Cortex-M0+ @ 133 MHz 264 kB on-chip SRAM in six independent banks Support for up to 16 MB of off-chip Flash memory via dedicated QSPI bus DMA controller Fully-connected AHB crossbar Interpolator and integer divider peripherals On-chip programmable LDO to generate core voltage 2 on-chip PLLs to generate USB and core clocks 30 GPIO pins, 4 of which can be used as analog inputs Peripherals 2 UARTs 2 SPI controllers 2 I²C controllers 16 PWM channels USB 1.1 controller and PHY, with host and device support 8 PIO state machines Comes fully assembled and tested, with the UF2 USB bootloader. Adafruit also tosses in some header, so you can solder it in and plug it into a solderless breadboard.

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This collection features the best of Elektor Magazine's articles on embedded systems and artificial intelligence. From hands-on programming guides to innovative AI experiments, these pieces offer valuable insights and practical knowledge for engineers, developers, and enthusiasts exploring the evolving intersection of hardware design, software innovation, and intelligent technology. Contents Programming PICs from the Ground UpAssembler routine to output a sine wave Object-Oriented ProgrammingA Short Primer Using C++ Programming an FPGA Tracking Down Microcontroller Buffer Overflows with 0xDEADBEEF Too Quick to Code and Too Slow to Test? Understanding the Neurons in Neural NetworksEmbedded Neurons MAUI Programming for PC, Tablet, and SmartphoneThe New Framework in Theory and Practice USB Killer DetectorBetter Safe Than Sorry Understanding the Neurons in Neural NetworksArtificial Neurons A Bare-Metal Programming Guide Part 1: For STM32 and Other Controllers Part 2: Accurate Timing, the UART, and Debugging Part 3: CMSIS Headers, Automatic Testing, and a Web Server Introduction to TinyMLBig Is Not Always Better Microprocessors for Embedded SystemsPeculiar Parts, the Series FPGAs for BeginnersThe Path From MCU to FPGA Programming AI in Electronics DevelopmentAn Update After Only One Year AI in the Electronics LabGoogle Bard and Flux Copilot Put to the Test ESP32 and ChatGPTOn the Way to a Self-Programming System… Audio DSP FX Processor Board Part 1: Features and Design Part 2: Creating Applications Rust + EmbeddedA Development Power Duo A Smart Object CounterImage Recognition Made Easy with Edge Impulse Universal Garden LoggerA Step Towards AI Gardening A VHDL ClockMade with ChatGPT TensorFlow Lite on Small MicrocontrollersA (Very) Beginner’s Point of View Mosquito DetectionUsing Open Datasets and Arduino Nicla Vision Artificial Intelligence Timeline Intro to AI AlgorithmsPrompt: Which Algorithms Implement Each AI Tool? Bringing AI to the Edgewith ESP32-P4 The Growing Role of Edge AIA Trend Shaping the Future

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Arduinonext is an initiative powered by an electronics and microcontrollers specialist team aiming to help all those who are entering in the technology world, using the well-known Arduino platform to take the next step in electronics. We strive to bring you the necessary knowledge and experience for developing your own electronics applications; interacting with environment; measuring physical parameters; processing them and performing the necessary control actions. This is the first title in the 'Hands-On' series in which Arduino platform co-founder, David Cuartielles, introduces board programming, and demonstrates the making of an 8-bit Sound Generator.

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The author, Johan Basse Bergqvist, is an engineer, a musician, and an audiophile with a knack for building projects that produce the desired results. The combination of these skills leads to a uniquely valuable perspective on audio design that is routinely reflected in the book and passed on to the readers. Several design projects are provided, 40 in total. The designs are explained, and the unique features or methods he uses are described in further detail. Each design includes detailed schematics and a complete parts list. Many of the projects also include layout documentation in the form of CAD photos of the PCB layouts. The range of projects is very diverse and includes something that will appeal to everyone. Stereo amplifiers, guitar and bass amplifiers, preamplifiers for phono, and microphones are all covered. Several variants for each type are included, and the power amplifier designs range from a few watts to several hundred watts, which meet almost any power level you might tackle.

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. Digital Load for High-Current TestingFrom Necessity to Innovation Vocal RemoverInstant Karaoke Circuit Audio A/B Selector With Gain ControlSwitches from Microphone to Line Inputs Better Charging for the LIR2032Be Kind to Your Coin Cells Touch Sensing Made SimpleA DIY Guide for Any Microcontroller Universal Infrared Remote SwitchA New Life for Old Remotes Microcontroller-Powered Moo BoxMaking Playful Sounds With a Microcontroller USB Battery Interface Powering Low-Draw Devices With Power BanksA “Stay Alive” Solution Small Class-A Audio Amplifier With Current OutputDrive Speakers with Current Instead of Voltage Pseudo-Balanced ModuleHigh CMRR with Unbalanced Audio Links Ni-MH Cells Automatic ChargerRefill All Your Battery Packs in One Go! Thyristor-Based Power Supply Protection Fingerprint Sensor SwitchA Useful Proof-of-Identity Device DC-DC 3-A Power ConverterUpgrade Your Fixed-Voltage Sources Remote Water Heater MonitorVoltage and Current Detection for AC Lines Attenuators for Audio Signals (1)Adjustable Via Jumpers Pimp My Car Battery Charger (Part 1)Don’t Throw It Away, Mod It! A Board for the Blue OnePCB for Alps Motorized Potentiometer with Feedback 50-Hz Reference from 60-Hz Mains VoltageHow to Use 50-Hz Electronics in 60-Hz Environments Digital IsolatorsRealizing Galvanic Isolation Easily Compact 12-W Hi-Fi Mono AmplifierSmall But Powerful LM386 Ramp Generator Three-Phase GeneratorWith Raspberry Pi Pico Door Opener for the Musically Talented Elektor Classic: Surf SynthesizerOcean Watersports Background Sound Generator (OWBSG) Pimp my Car Battery Charger (Part 2)Don’t Throw It Away, Mod It! Lamp Current MonitorWith a Raspberry Pi Pico Infrared Telegraphy Fnirsi SWM-10Repair Battery Packs With This Portable Intelligent Spot Welding Machine Stereo Audio Codec for the ESP32 and Co.No Need to Be Afraid of Audio Measurement Technology Tin Soldering TechniquesMake Them Well Right Away! Attenuators for Audio Signals (2)Switching Via Relays USB-C PowerDrawing Power from USB-C Power Adapters Three Circuits with Two and Three Counter ICs4017 ICs Working Together Active Components – The Diode A Timer For Ultra-Long DelaysSet It, and Forget It! Jack In and Jack OutA Useful Insert Option for Audio Circuits Power an ESP32 from a Single Li-ion Cell Hexadoku

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Space, the final frontier, will become more and more popular. The space industry is continually growing and new products and services will be required. Innovation is needed for the development of this industry. Today it is no longer possible to follow all the events in field of space. The space market is growing and activities are increasing, especially the market for small-satellites. This book wants to help close the gap and encourage electronic engineers to enter into the fascinating field of space electronics. One of the main difficulties is finding people with knowledge of space electronics design. Nowadays companies have to invest a lot of time and resources to instruct electronic engineers with no experience of space. Only a brief and basic introduction of this topic is typically achieved at university in space engineering lectures. Professionals with practical experience and the necessary theoretical knowledge are scarce. Companies from the space sector are searching for staff with knowledge of space electronics. This book will bring space closer aspiring to the space electronic hobbyists.

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Raspberry Pi 5 provides two four-lane MIPI connectors, each of which can support either a camera or a display. These connectors use the same 22-way, 0.5 mm-pitch “mini” FPC format as the Compute Module Development Kit, and require adapter cables to connect to the 15-way, 1 mm-pitch “standard” format connectors on current Raspbery Pi camera and display products.These mini-to-standard adapter cables for cameras and displays (note that a camera cable should not be used with a display, and vice versa) are available in 200 mm, 300 mm and 500 mm lengths.

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The universal 4 Pin connector is a white 4-pin buckled connector used on Stem, Twigs and Grove cables. The pin spacing is 2 mm. There are 10 connectors per bag. They can be used in DIY projects.

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The RP2040 contains two ARM Cortex-M0+ processors (up to 133 MHz) and features: 264 kB of embedded SRAM in six banks 6 dedicated IO for SPI Flash (supporting XIP) 30 multifunction GPIO: Dedicated hardware for commonly used peripherals Programmable IO for extended peripheral support Four 12-bit ADC channels with internal temperature sensor (up to 0.5 MSa/s) USB 1.1 Host/Device functionality The RP2040 is supported with C/C++ and MicroPython cross-platform development environments, including easy access to runtime debugging. It has a UF2 boot and floating-point routines baked into the chip. While the chip has a large internal RAM, the board includes an additional 16 MB of external QSPI flash memory to store program code. Features Raspberry Pi Foundation's RP2040 microcontroller 16MB QSPI Flash Memory JTAG PTH Pins Thing Plus (or Feather) Form-Factor: 18x Multifunctional GPIO Pins Four available 12-bit ADC channels with an internal temperature sensor (500 kSa/s) Up to eight 2-channel PWM Up to two UARTs Up to two I²C buses Up to two SPI buses USB-C Connector: USB 1.1 Host/Device functionality 2-pin JST Connector for a LiPo Battery (not included): 500 mA charging circuit Qwiic Connector Buttons: Boot Reset LEDs: PWR - Red 3.3 V power indicator CHG - Yellow battery charging indicator 25 - Blue status/test LED (GPIO 25) WS2812 - Addressable RGB LED (GPIO 08) Four Mounting Holes: 4-40 screw compatible Dimensions: 2.3' x 0.9' RP2040 Features Dual Cortex M0+ processors, up to 133 MHz 264 kB of embedded SRAM in 6 banks 6 dedicated IO for QSPI flash, supporting execute in place (XIP) 30 programmable IO for extended peripheral support SWD interface Timer with 4 alarms Real-time counter (RTC) USB 1.1 Host/Device functionality Supported programming languages MicroPython C/C++

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This book details the use of the ARM Cortex-M family of processors and the Arduino Uno in practical CAN bus based projects. Inside, it gives a detailed introduction to the architecture of the Cortex-M family whilst providing examples of popular hardware and software development kits. Using these kits helps to simplify the embedded design cycle considerably and makes it easier to develop, debug, and test a CAN bus based project. The architecture of the highly popular ARM Cortex-M processor STM32F407VGT6 is described at a high level by considering its various modules. In addition, the use of the mikroC Pro for ARM and Arduino Uno CAN bus library of functions are described in detail. This book is written for students, for practising engineers, for hobbyists, and for everyone else who may need to learn more about the CAN bus and its applications. The book assumes that the reader has some knowledge of basic electronics. Knowledge of the C programming language will be useful in later chapters of the book, and familiarity with at least one microcontroller will be an advantage, especially if the reader intends to develop microcontroller based projects using CAN bus. The book should be useful source of reference to anyone interested in finding an answer to one or more of the following questions: What bus systems are available for the automotive industry? What are the principles of the CAN bus? What types of frames (or data packets) are available in a CAN bus system? How can errors be detected in a CAN bus system and how reliable is a CAN bus system? What types of CAN bus controllers are there? What are the advantages of the ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers? How can one create a CAN bus project using an ARM microcontroller? How can one create a CAN bus project using an Arduino microcontroller? How can one monitor data on the CAN bus?

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Features: Universal pen for use on almost all surfaces Suitable for overhead projection Also suitable for use on CDs/DVDs Excellent smudge-proof and waterproof qualities on almost all surfaces Dries in seconds, therefore ideal for left-handed users Permanent, low-odour ink Lightfast colours: black, brown Weatherproof colour black Stand-up STAEDTLER box PP barrel and cap guarantee long service life DRY SAFE – can be left uncapped for days without drying up (Standard atmosphere according to ISO 554) Airplane-safe - automatic pressure equalization prevents pen from leaking on board aircraft Xylene and toluene-free ink Superb colour brilliancy Line width superfine approx. 0.4 mm Refillable

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A Guide to Powerful Programming for Embedded Systems You must be a well-rounded professional to excel in the ever-evolving, rapidly developing embedded design and programming industry. Simply put, when it comes to electronics design and programming, the more topics you can master, the more you’ll flourish at your workplace and at your personal workbench. This shouldn’t be a surprise, as the line between the skills of a hardware engineer and software engineer is blurring. The former should have a good grasp of programming in order to build efficient systems. The latter should understand the details of the design (whether it’s a physical or virtual application) for which he or she is writing code. Thus, to be successful, a modern professional electronics engineer must have a solid grasp of both hardware design and programming. Assembly Language Essentials is a matter-of-fact guide to Assembly that will introduce you to the most fundamental programming language of a processor. Unlike other resources about Assembly that focus exclusively on specific processors and platforms, this book uses the architecture of a fictional processor with its own hardware and instruction set. This enables you to consider the importance of Assembly language without having to deal with predetermined hardware or architectural restrictions. You’ll immediately find this thorough introduction to Assembly to be a valuable resource, whether you know nothing about the language or you have used it before. The only prerequisite is that you have a working knowledge of at least one higher-level programming language, such as C or Java. Assembly Language Essentials is an indispensible resource for electronics engineering professionals, academics, and advanced students looking to enhance their programming skills. The book provides the following, and more: An introduction to Assembly language and its functionality Significant definitions associated with Assembly language, as well as essential terminology pertaining to higher-level programming languages and computer architecture Important algorithms that may be built into high-level languages, but must be done the “hard way” in Assembly language — multiplication, division, and polynomial evaluation A presentation of Interrupt Service Routines with examples A free, downloadable Assembler program for experimenting with Assembly

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UNDERSTANDING THE NEURONS IN NEURAL NETWORKS (PART 1)Artificial Neurons EMC PRE-COMPLIANCE TEST FOR YOUR DC-POWERED PROJECT (PART 1)Dual DC LISN ELECTRONIC LOAD FOR DC AND ACUp to 400 V and 10 A (Peak) STARTING OUT IN ELECTRONICSEasier Than Imagined! ...Taking on the Choke! IMAGE PROCESSING WITH THE NVIDIA JETSON NANO (PART 1)The Hardware and Software AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT MAINS TRANSFORMERSHow Do They Behave When They Are Switched On and Off? YES WE CAN WITH PICAN 3A CAN Bus HAT for the Raspberry Pi 4 BALCONY POWER PLANTDIY Solar Balcony = Speedy Payback! IMAGING AND VIDEO-STREAMING WITH A RASPBERRY PI 4The Raspberry Pi High-Quality Camera in Practice USING DISPLAYS IN RASPBERRY PI PROJECTSSample Chapter: Organic Light Emitting Diode Displays (OLED) HANDS ON THE PARALLAX PROPELLER 2 (PART 4)Sending Strings ELEKTOR @ 60A Look Back at Previous Septembers HOMELAB TOURSIn the Friesian Countryside, Where the Tubes Bloom ... HYBRIDSPeculiar Parts, the series A COMPASS ROSE USING THE GY-271Or Why We Move in Figures of Eight to Calibrate a Sensor FINDING YOUR FOOTPRINTCalculate the Carbon Footprint of Your Electronics ESP32-CONNECTED THERMOSTATKeep Your Wine at the Right Temperature! MAGNETIC LEVITATION THE DIGITAL WAYESP32 Pico Replaces the Analog Comparator ULTIMATE ARDUINO UNO HARDWARE MANUALSample Chapter: Main Microcontroller Bootloader MICROPYTHON FOR THE ESP32 AND FRIENDS (PART 2)Control Matrix Displays Easily MADMACHINE SWIFTIO BOARDModern Language Meets Modern Hardware FROM LIFE’S EXPERIENCEOn-Again, Off-Again Relationship HEXADOKUThe Original Elektorized Sudoku

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Build your own AI microcontroller applications from scratch The MAX78000FTHR from Maxim Integrated is a small development board based on the MAX78000 MCU. The main usage of this board is in artificial intelligence applications (AI) which generally require large amounts of processing power and memory. It marries an Arm Cortex-M4 processor with a floating-point unit (FPU), convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerator, and RISC-V core into a single device. It is designed for ultra-low power consumption, making it ideal for many portable AI-based applications. This book is project-based and aims to teach the basic features of the MAX78000FTHR. It demonstrates how it can be used in various classical and AI-based projects. Each project is described in detail and complete program listings are provided. Readers should be able to use the projects as they are, or modify them to suit their applications. This book covers the following features of the MAX78000FTHR microcontroller development board: Onboard LEDs and buttons External LEDs and buttons Using analog-to-digital converters I²C projects SPI projects UART projects External interrupts and timer interrupts Using the onboard microphone Using the onboard camera Convolutional Neural Network

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The RP2040 utilizes dual ARM Cortex-M0+ processors (up to 133MHz): 264kB of embedded SRAM in six banks 6 dedicated IO for SPI Flash (supporting XIP) 30 multifunction GPIO: Dedicated hardware for commonly used peripherals Programmable IO for extended peripheral support Four 12-bit ADC channels with internal temperature sensor (up to 0.5 MSa/s) USB 1.1 Host/Device functionality The RP2040 is supported with C/C++ and MicroPython cross-platform development environments, including easy access to runtime debugging. It has a UF2 boot and floating-point routines baked into the chip. The built-in USB can act as both device and host. It has two symmetric cores and high internal bandwidth, making it useful for signal processing and video. While the chip has a large internal RAM, the board includes an additional external flash chip. Features Dual Cortex M0+ processors, up to 133 MHz 264 kB of embedded SRAM in 6 banks 6 dedicated IO for QSPI flash, supporting execute in place (XIP) 30 programmable IO for extended peripheral support SWD interface Timer with 4 alarms Real-time counter (RTC) USB 1.1 Host/Device functionality Supported programming languages MicroPython C/C++

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