Mastering Surface Mount Technology takes you on a crash course in techniques, tips and know-how to successfully introduce surface mount technology in your workflow. Even if you are on a budget you too can jumpstart your designs with advanced fine pitch parts. Besides explaining methodology and equipment, attention is given to SMT parts technologies and soldering methods. In a step by step way, several projects introduce you to handling surface mount parts and the required skills to successfully build SMT assemblies. Many practical tips and tricks are disclosed that bring surface mount technology into everyone's reach without breaking the bank.

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From SRPP and Mu-Follower to OTL Designs Tube amplifiers suffer from distortion. Fortunately, circuits such as the SRPP amplifier, mu-follower, and beta-follower produce minimal distortion even at output voltages of 50 to 100 Vpeak. These designs are often published with errors. Without a sound understanding of the theory, it is easy to arrive at a flawed design. In the first section of this book, we investigate the origin of distortion, while in the second we investigate the design of and SRPP and a mu-follower. On the internet we can find the most exotic designs. Evaluating them teaches us that these designs often make matters worse rather than better. In the chapter on incorrect SRPPs and mu-followers, we sometimes see bizarre and misguided designs where using a simple single-triode amplifier would perform much better. Push-pull output stages also exist. A great number of them are examined, and their similarity to the SRPP is discussed. This is done especially with the help of the theory behind the OTL based on the ‘mother’ of all OTLs, the Philips HF303. Finally, attention is given to frequency characteristics and technical matters such as the supply voltage and the filament power supply. To illustrate these points, there are a few designs covering the subjects discussed. This book presents much new theory that has not been published before. It is often an eye-opener, showing that many things have a beautiful and unexpected simplicity.

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Learn to program displays and GUIs with Python This book is about Raspberry Pi 4 display projects. The book starts by explaining how to install the latest Raspbian operating system on an SD card, and how to configure and use the GPIO ports. The core of the book explains the following topics in simple terms with fully tested and working example projects: Simple LED projects Bar graph LED projects Matrix LED projects Bitmap LED projects LED strips LCDs OLED displays E-paper displays TFT displays 7-inch touch screen GUI Programming with Tkinder One unique feature of this book is that it covers almost all types of display that readers will need to use in their Raspberry Pi based projects. The operation of each project is fully given, including block diagrams, circuit diagrams, and commented full program listings. It is therefore an easy task to convert the given projects to run on other popular platforms, such as Arduino or PIC microcontrollers. Python program listings of all Raspberry Pi projects developed in this book are available for download at Elektor.com. Readers can use these programs in their projects. Alternatively, they can modify the programs to suit their applications.

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Most people are increasingly confronted with the applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Music or video ratings, navigation systems, shopping advice, etc. are based on methods that can be attributed to this field. The term Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956 at an international conference known as the Dartmouth Summer Research Project. One basic approach was to model the functioning of the human brain and to construct advanced computer systems based on this. Soon it should be clear how the human mind works. Transferring it to a machine was considered only a small step. This notion proved to be a bit too optimistic. Nevertheless, the progress of modern AI, or rather its subspecialty called Machine Learning (ML), can no longer be denied. In this book, several different systems will be used to get to know the methods of machine learning in more detail. In addition to the PC, both the Raspberry Pi and the Maixduino will demonstrate their capabilities in the individual projects. In addition to applications such as object and facial recognition, practical systems such as bottle detectors, person counters, or a “talking eye” will also be created. The latter is capable of acoustically describing objects or faces that are detected automatically. For example, if a vehicle is in the field of view of the connected camera, the information 'I see a car!' is output via electronically generated speech. Such devices are highly interesting examples of how, for example, blind or severely visually impaired people can also benefit from AI systems.

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The Andonstar AD409 Max-ES boosts a high-quality metal lens and a unique UV filter design. Crafted from top-tier industrial-grade materials, it delivers unmatched precision and durability, ensuring a reliable product experience. The UV filter positioned in front of the metal lens blocks soldering heat, smoke, and dust, safeguarding the lens and making it perfect for soldering and maintenance professionals. The AD409 Max-ES features an oversized Max station (46 x 37 x 47.5 cm) and an advanced tool set, expanding the soldering station area by 370%. This upgrade meets the demands of professional soldering tasks and provides ample workspace for larger projects. The easy-to-use tool holder keeps tools within reach, ensuring they are always accessible. Additionally, the soldering helping hands with rotatable clamps simplify soldering and repair tasks, enhancing efficiency and convenience. The endoscope offers an all-around 360° view. This allows for clear observation of components from all sides and inside pipes, eliminating blind spots and ensuring thorough inspections. Features High-quality Metal Lens and Unique UV Filter Design New Max station Easy-to-use Tool Holder and Soldering Helping Hands Microscope with Endoscope All-around View 360° Professional HDMI Digital Microscope supports Multiple Output Methods 8 Levels adjustable LEDs Convenient Wireless Remote Control Specifications Screen size 10.1 inch (1280x800) Image sensor 4 MP Video output UHD 2880x2160 (24fps)FHD 1920x1080 (60fps/30fps)HD 1280x720 (120fps) Video format MP4 Magnification Up to 300 times (27 inch HDMI monitor) Photo resolution Max. 24 MP (5600x4200) Photo format JPG Focus range Min. 5 cm Frame Rate Max. 120fps Video interface HDMI Storage microSD card (up to 64 GB) PC support Windows, PC software with measurement Mobile phone, tablet terminal support Support WiFi connection and measurement Power source 5 V DC Light source 2 LEDs with the stand Endoscope Yes Stand size 46 x 37 x 47.5 cm (18.1 x 14.6 x 18.7") Included 1x Andonstar AD409 Max-ES Digital Microscope 1x Endoscope 1x Stand with 2 LEDs 1x UV filter (already assembled in the lens) 1x Soldering mat 1x Beam 1x Column 1x Tool holder 1x Soldering Helping Hands 1x Power adapter 1x Power cable 1x HDMI cable 1x USB cable 1x IR remote 1x Manual Downloads Manual Software

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Whistle And It Chirps Back At You! Although birds of all sorts are lovingly owned and watched by many people, sadly most of them have not yet learnt to communicate with us. This all-electronic bird takes a step in the right direction: when you whistle at it, it chirps back! Features Responds to Whistling Adjustable Bird Sounds (Tone and Length) Elektor Heritage Circuit Symbols Tried & Tested by Elektor Labs Educational & Geeky Project Through-Hole Parts Only Included Printed Circuit Board All Components Wooden Stand Bill of Materials Resistors R1,R2 = 2.2kΩ R3,R4,R13 = 47kΩ R5 = 4.7kΩ R6 = 3.3kΩ R7,R10,R11,R12,R17 = 100kΩ R8,R19,R23 = 1kΩ R9 = 1MΩ R14,R15 = 10kΩ R16,R18 = 470kΩ R20 = 68kΩ R21 = 10MΩ R22 = 2.7kΩ R24 = 22Ω P1,P2 = 1MΩ P3,P5 = 470kΩ P4 = 100kΩ Capacitors C1,C2,C12 = 100nF C3,C4 = 10nF C5 = 22μF, 16V C6,C7,C11 = 10μF, 16V C8 = 2.2μF, 100V C9 = 1μF, 50V C10 = 2.2nF C13 = 10nF Semiconductors D1,D3,D4,D5,D6,D7,D8 = 1N4148 D2 = 3V3 Zener diode T1,T2 = BC557B T3 = BC547B T4 = BC327-40 IC1 = TL084CN IC2 = 4093 Miscellaneous BT1 = wired battery clip for 6LR61/PP3 LS1 = miniature loudspeaker, 8Ω, 0.5W S1 = switch, slide, SPDT MIC1 = electret microphone PCB 230153-1 v1.1

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The Elektor Super Servo Tester can control servos and measure servo signals. It can test up to four servo channels at the same time. The Super Servo Tester comes as a kit. All the parts required to assemble the Super Servo Tester are included in the kit. Assembling the kit requires basic soldering skills. The microcontroller is already programmed. The Super Servo Tester features two operating modes: Control/Manual and Measure/Inputs. In Control/Manual mode the Super Servo Tester generates control signals on its outputs for up to four servos or for the flight controller or ESC. The signals are controlled by the four potentiometers. In Measure/Inputs the Super Servo Tester measures the servo signals connected to its inputs. These signals may come from for instance an ESC, a flight controller, or the receiver or another device. The signals are also routed to the outputs to control the servos or the flight controller or ESC. The results are shown on the display. Specifications Operating modes Control/Manual & Measure/Inputs Channels 3 Servo signal inputs 4 Servo signal outputs 4 Alarm Buzzer & LED Display 0.96' OLED (128 x 32 pixels) Input voltage on K5 7-12 VDC Input voltage on K1 5-7.5 VDC Input current 30 mA (9 VDC on K5, nothing connected to K1 and K2) Dimensions 113 x 66 x 25 mm Weight 60 g Included Resistors (0.25 W) R1, R3 1 kΩ, 5% R2, R4, R5, R6, R7, R9, R10 10 kΩ, 5% R8 22 Ω, 5% P1, P2, P3, P4 10 kΩ, lin/B, vertical potentiometer Capacitors C1 100 µF 16 V C2 10 µF 25 V C3, C4, C7 100 nF C5, C6 22 pF Semiconductors D1 1N5817 D2 LM385Z-2.5 D3 BZX79-C5V1 IC1 7805 IC2 ATmega328P-PU, programmed LED1 LED, 3 mm, red T1 2N7000 Miscellaneous BUZ1 Piezo buzzer with oscillator K1, K2 2-row, 12-way pinheader, 90° K5 Barrel jack K4 1-row, 4-way pin socket K3 2-row, 6-way boxed pinheader S1 Slide switch DPDT S2 Slide switch SPDT X1 Crystal, 16 MHz 28-way DIP socket for IC2 Elektor PCB OLED display, 0.96', 128 x 32 pixels, 4-pin I²C interface Links Elektor Magazine Elektor Labs

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Learn to Build Intelligent Embedded Systems Build smarter embedded systems with Arduino UNO Q. This book gives you the tools, knowledge, and confidence to turn ideas into intelligent, working solutions using the Arduino UNO Q platform. Discover how to build intelligent embedded systems with the Arduino UNO Q and AI. Unlock the full potential of the Arduino UNO Q, a next-generation platform that combines the real-time power of the STM32U585 microcontroller with the flexibility of a Qualcomm Dragonwing QRB2210 microprocessor. Learn how to rapidly prototype real-world applications using the Arduino IDE for low-level embedded control and Python in Arduino App Lab for high-level development. Build confidence through hands-on projects that guide you step by step from basic board features to complete working systems. Explore ready-to-use, AI based Arduino App Lab examples and see how they can jump-start your development and reduce time to deployment. Step into the world of Edge AI with a clear, practical introduction to Edge Impulse Studio—no prior AI experience required. Follow a complete, real-world workflow to create a Keyword Spotting AI application, covering data collection, model training, optimization, and on-device inference using the Edge Impulse Studio. Bridge the gap between embedded systems and machine learning and learn how to bring intelligence directly onto your hardware. Perfect for embedded engineers, educators, students, and makers looking to stay ahead in AI-enabled product development.

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Projects with Thonny-IDE, uPyCraft-IDE, and ESP32 The 'Python' programming language has enjoyed an enormous upswing in recent years. Not least, various single-board systems such as the Raspberry Pi have contributed to its popularity. But Python has also found widespread use in other fields, such as artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML). It is obvious, therefore, to use Python or the 'MicroPython' variant for use in SoCs (Systems on Chip) as well. Powerful controllers such as the ESP32 from Espressif Systems offer excellent performance as well as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionality at an affordable price. With these features, the Maker scene has been taken by storm. Compared to other controllers, the ESP32 has a significantly larger flash and SRAM memory, as well as a much higher CPU speed. Due to these characteristics, the chip is not only suitable for classic C applications, but also for programming with MicroPython. This book introduces the application of modern one-chip systems. In addition to the technical background, the focus is on MicroPython itself. After the introduction to the language, the programming skills learned are immediately put into practice. The individual projects are suitable for use in the laboratory as well as for everyday applications. So, in addition to the actual learning effect, the focus is also on the joy of building complete and useful devices. By using laboratory breadboards, circuits of all kinds can be realized with little effort, turning the testing and debugging of the 100% homebrew projects into an instructive pleasure. The various applications, such as weather stations, digital voltmeters, ultrasound range finders, RFID card readers or function generators, make the projects presented ideally suited for practical courses or subject and study work in the natural sciences, or in science and technology classes.

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Example projects with Node-RED, MQTT, WinCC SCADA, Blynk, and ThingSpeak This comprehensive guide unlocks the power of Modbus TCP/IP communication with Arduino. From the basics of the Modbus protocol right up to full implementation in Arduino projects, the book walks you through the complete process with lucid explanations and practical examples. Learn how to set up Modbus TCP/IP communication with Arduino for seamless data exchange between devices over a network. Explore different Modbus functions and master reading and writing registers to control your devices remotely. Create Modbus client and server applications to integrate into your Arduino projects, boosting their connectivity and automation level. With detailed code snippets and illustrations, this guide is perfect for beginners and experienced Arduino enthusiasts alike. Whether you‘re a hobbyist looking to expand your skills or a professional seeking to implement Modbus TCP/IP communication in your projects, this book provides all the knowledge you need to harness the full potential of Modbus with Arduino. Projects covered in the book: TCP/IP communication between two Arduino Uno boards Modbus TCP/IP communication within the Node-RED environment Combining Arduino, Node-RED, and Blynk IoT cloud Interfacing Modbus TCP/IP with WinCC SCADA to control sensors Using MQTT protocol with Ethernet/ESP8266 Connecting to ThingSpeak IoT cloud using Ethernet/ESP8266

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The Elektor Milliohmmeter Adapter uses the precision of a multimeter to measure very low resistance values. It is an adapter that converts a resistance into a voltage that can be measured with a standard multimeter. The Elektor Milliohmmeter Adapter can measure resistances below 1 mΩ using a 4-wire (Kelvin) method. It is useful for locating short circuits on printed circuit boards (PCB). The adapter features three measurement ranges – 1 mΩ, 10 mΩ, and 100 mΩ – selectable via a slide switch. It also includes onboard calibration resistors. The Elektor Milliohmmeter Adapter is powered by three 1.5 V AA batteries (not included). Specifications Measurement ranges 1 mΩ, 10 mΩ, 100 mΩ, 0.1% Power supply 3x 1.5 V AA batteries (not included) Dimensions 103 x 66 x 18 mm (compatible with Hammond 1593N-type enclosure, not included) Special feature On-board calibration resistors Downloads Documentation

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An 8-in-1 test & measurement instrument for the electronics workbench A well-equipped electronics lab is crammed with power supplies, measuring devices, test equipment and signal generators. Wouldn‘t it be better to have one compact device for almost all tasks? Based on the Arduino, a PC interface is to be developed that’s as versatile as possible for measurement and control. It simply hangs on a USB cable and – depending on the software – forms the measuring head of a digital voltmeter or PC oscilloscope, a signal generator, an adjustable voltage source, a frequency counter, an ohmmeter, a capacitance meter, a characteristic curve recorder, and much more. The circuits and methods collected here are not only relevant for exactly these tasks in the "MSR" electronics lab, but many details can also be used within completely different contexts.

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Resonances From Aether Days A Pictorial and Technical Analysis from WWII to the Internet Age From the birth of radio to the late 1980s, much of real life unfolded through shortwave communication. World War II demonstrated—beyond a shadow of a doubt—that effective communications equipment was a vital prerequisite for military success. In the postwar years, shortwave became the backbone on which many of the world's most critical services depended every day. All the radio equipment—through whose cathodes, grids, plates, and transistors so much of human history has flowed—is an exceptional subject of study and enjoyment for those of us who are passionate about vintage electronics. In this book, which begins in the aftermath of World War II, you’ll find a rich collection of information: descriptions, tips, technical notes, photos, and schematics that will be valuable for anyone interested in restoring—or simply learning about—these extraordinary witnesses to one of the most remarkable eras in technological history. My hope is that these pages will help preserve this vast treasure of knowledge, innovation, and history—a heritage that far transcends the purely technical.

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2 Channels • 350 MHz • 1 GSa/s • 50,000 wfm/s • 7 inch Touchscreen The FNIRSI DPOS350P is a sleek 4-in-1 powerhouse in tablet form! This compact and portable device packs serious functionality: it combines a 2-channel oscilloscope (350 MHz), a signal generator (50 MHz), a frequency response analyzer (50 MHz), and a spectrum analyzer (200 kHz–350 MHz) – all in one unit. Whether you're in R&D, troubleshooting, or field testing, the DPOS350P delivers the tools you need to measure, generate, analyze, and visualize electronic signals with precision and clarity. Its responsive high-resolution touchscreen and intuitive controls make signal analysis fast, flexible and efficient. Features Powerful Multi-Function Integration 350 MHz 2-channel oscilloscope with 1 GSa/s real-time sampling 50 MHz signal generator with 14 standard + custom waveforms Spectrum analyzer (200 kHz–350 MHz): Perfect for EMI, RF & HF testing Frequency response analyzer (FRA) up to 50 MHz High-Performance Waveform Capture 50,000 wfm/s refresh rate for real-time signal clarity 350 MHz bandwidth (single-channel mode) Detects rare and low-probability anomalies Crisp Display & Smooth Operation 7" IPS touchscreen (1024 x 600 resolution) Switch between grayscale and color temperature display Easy to operate in various test environments Reliable, Protected & Fast-Charging High-voltage protection up to 400 V Fast charging with QC 18 W (full charge in 2 hours) Built for stable long-term operation Data Storage & Export Save up to 500 waveform records + 90 screenshots USB export for easy reporting and offline analysis Specifications General Display 7 inch (IPS full viewing angle) Resolution 1024 x 600 pixels Interaction mode Capacitive touch screen Total power consumption 10 W Power-on configuration 5 presets Charging QC 18 W, 12 V/1.5 A (USB-C) Battery 3.7 V, 8000 mAh lithium battery Battery life approx. 3 hours in operation, 5 hours standby Heat dissipation Air cooling Expansion interface USB data port Automatic shutdown 15~60 minutes / off Firmware upgrade Support .iso image upgrade Languages English / Portuguese / Russian / Chinese Dimensions 190 x 128 x 37 mm Oscilloscope Analog channels 2 Analog bandwidth 350 MHz Rise time 1ns Real-time sampling rate 1 GSa/s Memory depth 60 Kpts Input impedance 1 MΩ / 14PF Time base range 5ns ~ 50s Roll time base 50ms ~ 50s Vertical sensitivity 2 mV ~ 20 V (1X) Vertical range 16 mV ~ 160 V (1X) DC accuracy ±2% Time accuracy ±0.01% Input coupling DC / AC Probe attenuation 1X / 10X / 100X Hardware bandwidth limit 150M / 20M High resolution mode 8bit ~ 16bit Parameter measurements 12 types Cursor measurement Time, period, frequency, level, voltage Trigger detection Digital trigger Trigger channel CH1 / CH2 Trigger mode Auto / Single / Normal Trigger edge Rising edge / Falling edge Trigger suppression L1 ~ L3 Trigger level Manual / automatic 10% ~ 90% Screenshot storage 90 pictures Waveform storage 500 groups Background grid Display / hide Waveform movement Coarse adjustment / fine adjustment Overvoltage protection Withstand voltage 400 V Waveform brightness Adjustable Simple FFT display Yes Digital fluorescence Yes Color temperature display Yes X-Y mode Yes ZOOM time base Yes One-key automatic adjustment Yes One-key return to zero Yes Data browser Yes Signal Generator Waveform types 14 standard functions + captured waveform Frequency 0~50 MHz (sine wave only, other waveforms up to 10M/5M/3M) Amplitude 0~5 VPP Offset -2.5 V ~ +2.5V Duty cycle 0.1~99.9% Frequency resolution 1 Hz Amplitude resolution 1 mV Offset resolution 1 mV Duty cycle resolution 0.1% Customizable captured waveform 500 groups Frequency Response Analyzer (FRA) Excitation signal frequency 100 Hz ~ 50 MHz Excitation signal amplitude 0~5 VPP Excitation signal offset -2.5V ~ +2.5V Excitation frequency count 20~500 Cursor measurement Frequency / gain / phase Operating mode Single / cyclic System calibration Yes Spectrum Analyzer Conversion method FFT FFT length 4K ~ 32K Frequency range 200 KHz ~ 350 MHz Level range -60 dBmV ~ +260 dBmV Cursor measurement Frequency / amplitude Marking parameter Maximum energy harmonic Waterfall chart Yes 3D waterfall chart Yes Automatic adjustment Yes System calibration Yes Included 1x FNIRSI DPOS350P Oscilloscope (4-in-1) 2x 350 MHz Probes 1x QC 18 W Fast Charger (EU) 1x USB-C Cable 1x Alligator Clip 1x Storage Bag 1x Manual Downloads Manual Firmware

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From Simple Ciphers to Secure Systems Understanding how to apply cryptography on modern microcontrollers is essential for building secure, reliable, and trustworthy systems. This book explains cryptography in the context of embedded hardware, from classical ciphers that illustrate core principles to modern techniques such as AES for practical high-security applications. By combining mathematical theory with real-world microcontroller implementations, readers learn not only how cryptography works, but also how to implement it effectively on systems with limited processing power and memory. The book is intended for students starting out in cryptography, hobbyists securing personal projects, and engineers looking for a structured guide to embedded security. The book covers these key topics in applied cryptography: Classical ciphers on Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi Pico, with full programs: Spartan Scytale, Hebrew Atbash, Caesar, ROT13, Alberti Disk, Vigenère, Affine, Polybius, Playfair, Beaufort, Ottoman Codebook, and One-Time Pad. Hacking classical ciphers using microcontrollers, with examples. Pseudo-random (PRNG) and true random number generation (TRNG) on microcontrollers. Symmetric-key cryptography with full programs: DES and AES-128/256. Memory and speed constraints of cryptography on microcontrollers. Asymmetric cryptography: public/private keys, digital signatures, key distribution and derivation (KDF), RSA, and SHA-256 implementations. A complete secure communication program using RSA and AES-256. A glossary of commonly used cryptography terms.

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The Peak Atlas DCA55 is great for automatically identifying the type of semiconductor on the test leads as well as the pinout and many other parameters. Supports transistors MOSFETs, JFETs (gate pin only can be identified), diodes, LEDs and lots more. Automatically identifies type of component, pinout and other important parameters. Now features transistor leakage measurement and Germanium/Silicon identification. Component Support Bipolar transistors (NPN/PNP inc Silicon/Germanium) Darlington transistors (NPN/PNP) Enhancement mode MOSFETs (N-Ch and P-Ch) Depletion mode MOSFETs (N-Ch and P-Ch) Junction FETs (N-Ch and P-Ch). Only gate lead identified Diodes and diode networks (2 and 3 lead types) LEDs and bi-colour LEDs (2 lead and 3 lead types) Low power sensitive Triacs and Thyristors (<5 mA trigger and hold) Measurements Part type identification Pinout identification BJT current gain (hFE) BJT base emitter voltage (Vbe) BJT collector leakage current MOSFET gate threshold voltage Diode forward voltage drop (Vf) Specifications Analyzer type Transistors, Diodes, LEDs, MOSFETs, JFETs Pinout detection Full pinout (only Gate on JFETs) Pinout configuration Connect any way round Transistor measurements Vbe, hFE, Iceo MOSFET measurements Vgs(on) Diode measurements Vf Probe type Universal grabber type Battery Single AAA cell (supplied). Life typically 1300 ops Test conditions Typically 5 mA, 5 V peak Display type Alphanumeric LCD (with backlight) Included Peak Atlas DCA55 Semiconductor Analyzer Comprehensive illustrated user guide Fitted universal hook probes AAA Alkaline battery Downloads Datasheet (EN) User Guide (EN) User Guide (IT)

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Kick off with the MAX1000 and VHDPlus Ready to Master FPGA Programming? In this guide, we’re diving into the world of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) – a configurable integrated circuit that can be programmed after manufacturing. Imagine bringing your ideas to life, from simple projects to complete microcontroller systems! Meet the MAX1000: a compact and budget-friendly FPGA development board packed with features like memory, user LEDs, push-buttons, and flexible I/O ports. It’s the ideal starting point for anyone wanting to learn about FPGAs and Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). In this book, you’ll get hands-on with the VHDPlus programming language – a simpler version of VHDL. We’ll work on practical projects using the MAX1000, helping you gain the skills and confidence to unleash your creativity. Get ready for an exciting journey! You’ll explore a variety of projects that highlight the true power of FPGAs. Let’s turn your ideas into reality and embark on your FPGA adventure – your journey starts now! Exciting Projects You’ll Find in This Book Arduino-Driven BCD to 7-Segment Display Decoder Use an Arduino Uno R4 to supply BCD data to the decoder, counting from 0 to 9 with a one-second delay Multiplexed 4-Digit Event Counter Create an event counter that displays the total count on a 4-digit display, incrementing with each button press PWM Waveform with Fixed Duty Cycle Generate a PWM waveform at 1 kHz with a fixed duty cycle of 50% Ultrasonic Distance Measurement Measure distances using an ultrasonic sensor, displaying the results on a 4-digit 7-segment LED Electronic Lock Build a simple electronic lock using combinational logic gates with push buttons and an LED output Temperature Sensor Monitor ambient temperature with a TMP36 sensor and display the readings on a 7-segment LED Downloads Software

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Understanding and Using Them Effectively What happens in electronics is invisible to the naked eye. The instrument that allows to accurately visualize electrical signals, the one through which the effects of electronics become apparent to us, is the oscilloscope. Alas, when one first ventures into electronics, it is often without an oscilloscope. And one is left fumbling, both physically and mentally. Observing an electrical signal on a screen for the first time is a revelation. Nobody wishes to forgo that marvel again. There is no turning back. In electronics, if one wishes to progress with both enjoyment and understanding, an oscilloscope is essential. This marks the beginning of a period of questioning: how to choose one? And no sooner is that question answered than a whole string of others arises, which can be summed up in just one: how does one use the oscilloscope in such a way that what it displays truly reflects the reality of the signals? Rémy Mallard is a passionate communicator with a gift for making complex technical subjects understandable and engaging. In this book, he provides clear answers to essential questions about using an oscilloscope and offers a wealth of guidance to help readers explore and understand the electrical signals behind electronic systems. With his accessible style and practical insights, this book is a valuable tool for anyone eager to deepen their understanding of electronics.

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