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With the availability of free and open source C/C++ compilers today, you might wonder why someone would be interested in assembler language. What is so compelling about the RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)? How does RISC-V differ from existing architectures? And most importantly, how do we gain experience with the RISC-V without a major investment? Is there affordable hardware available? The availability of the Espressif ESP32-C3 chip provides a way to get hands-on experience with RISC-V. The open sourced QEMU emulator adds a 64-bit experience in RISC-V under Linux. These are just two ways for the student and enthusiast alike to explore RISC-V in this book. The projects in this book are boiled down to the barest essentials to keep the assembly language concepts clear and simple. In this manner you will have “aha!” moments rather than puzzling about something difficult. The focus in this book is about learning how to write RISC-V assembly language code without getting bogged down. As you work your way through this tutorial, you’ll build up small demonstration programs to be run and tested. Often the result is some simple printed messages to prove a concept. Once you’ve mastered these basic concepts, you will be well equipped to apply assembly language in larger projects.

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ESP32-C3-DevKitM-1 is an entry-level development board based on ESP32-C3-MINI-1, a module named for its small size. This board integrates complete Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE functions. Most of the I/O pins on the ESP32-C3-MINI-1 module are broken out to the pin headers on both sides of this board for easy interfacing. Developers can either connect peripherals with jumper wires or mount ESP32-C3-DevKitM-1 on a breadboard. Specifications ESP32-C3-MINI-1 ESP32-C3-MINI-1 is a general-purpose Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE combo module that comes with a PCB antenna. At the core of this module is ESP32-C3FN4, a chip that has an embedded flash of 4 MB. Since flash is packaged in the ESP32-C3FN4 chip, rather than integrated into the module, ESP32-C3-MINI-1 has a smaller package size. 5 V to 3.3 V LDO Power regulator that converts a 5 V supply into a 3.3 V output. 5 V Power On LED Turns on when the USB power is connected to the board. Pin Headers All available GPIO pins (except for the SPI bus for flash) are broken out to the pin headers on the board. For details, please see Header Block. Boot Button Download button. Holding down Boot and then pressing Reset initiates Firmware Download mode for downloading firmware through the serial port. Micro-USB Port USB interface. Power supply for the board as well as the communication interface between a computer and the ESP32-C3FN4 chip. Reset Button Press this button to restart the system. USB-to-UART Bridge Single USB-UART bridge chip provides transfer rates up to 3 Mbps. RGB LED Addressable RGB LED, driven by GPIO 8. Downloads ESP32-C3 Datasheet ESP32-C3-MINI-1 Datasheet ESP32-C3-DevKitM-1 Schematic ESP32-C3-DevKitM-1 PCB Layout ESP32-C3-DevKitM-1 Dimensions

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ESP32-C3-WROOM-02U is a general-purpose Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE module. The rich set of peripherals and high performance make the module an ideal choice for smart homes, industrial automation, health care, consumer electronics, etc. ESP32-C3-WROOM-02U features an external SPI flash and comes with a connector for an external antenna. ESP32-C3-WROOM-02U has an operating ambient temperature option of –40∼85°C, embedded with the ESP32-C3 chip. ESP32-C3 has a 32-bit RISC-V single-core processor. It integrates a rich set of peripherals, ranging from UART, I²C, I²S, remote control peripheral, LED PWM controller, general DMA controller, TWAI controller, USB Serial/JTAG controller, temperature sensor, ADC, etc. It also includes SPI, Dual SPI and Quad SPI interfaces. Features Flash: 4 MB (Quad SPI) Dimensions: 18.0 x 20.0 x 3.2 mm Downloads Datasheet

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The Milk-V Duo 256M is an ultra-compact embedded development platform based on the SG2002 chip. It can run Linux and RTOS, providing a reliable, low-cost, and high-performance platform for professionals, industrial ODMs, AIoT enthusiasts, DIY hobbyists, and creators. This board is an upgraded version of Duo with a memory boost to 256M, catering to applications demanding larger memory capacities. The SG2002 elevates computational power to 1.0 TOPS @ INT8. It enables seamless switching between RISC-V/ARM architectures and supports simultaneous operation of dual systems. Additionally, it includes an array of rich GPIO interfaces such as SPI, UART, suitable for a wide range of hardware development in edge intelligent monitoring, including IP cameras, smart peephole locks, visual doorbells, and more. SG2002 is a high-performance, low-power chip designed for various product fields such as edge intelligent surveillance IP cameras, smart door locks, visual doorbells, and home intelligence. It integrates H.264 video compression and decoding, H.265 video compression encoding, and ISP capabilities. It supports multiple image enhancement and correction algorithms such as HDR wide dynamic range, 3D noise reduction, defogging, and lens distortion correction, providing customers with professional-grade video image quality. The chip also incorporates a self-developed TPU, delivering 1.0 TOPS of computing power under 8-bit integer operations. The specially designed TPU scheduling engine efficiently provides high-bandwidth data flow for all tensor processing unit cores. Additionally, it offers users a powerful deep learning model compiler and software SDK development kit. Leading deep learning frameworks like Caffe and Tensorflow can be easily ported to its platform. Furthermore, it includes security boot, secure updates, and encryption, providing a series of security solutions from development, mass production, to product applications. The chip integrates an 8-bit MCU subsystem, replacing the typical external MCU to achieve cost-saving and power efficiency goals. Specifications SoC SG2002 RISC-V CPU C906 @ 1 Ghz + C906 @ 700 MHz Arm CPU 1x Cortex-A53 @ 1 GHz MCU 8051 @ 6 KB SRAM Memory 256 MB SIP DRAM TPU 1.0 TOPS @ INT8 Storage 1x microSD connector or 1x SD NAND on board USB 1x USB-C for power and data, USB Pads available CSI 1x 16P FPC connector (MIPI CSI 2-lane) Sensor Support 5 M @ 30 fps Ethernet 100 Mbps Ethernet with PHY Audio Via GPIO Pads GPIO Up to 26x GPIO Pads Power 5 V/1 A OS Support Linux, RTOS Dimensions 21 x 51 mm Downloads Documentation GitHub

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A Guide to Powerful Programming for Embedded Systems You must be a well-rounded professional to excel in the ever-evolving, rapidly developing embedded design and programming industry. Simply put, when it comes to electronics design and programming, the more topics you can master, the more you’ll flourish at your workplace and at your personal workbench. This shouldn’t be a surprise, as the line between the skills of a hardware engineer and software engineer is blurring. The former should have a good grasp of programming in order to build efficient systems. The latter should understand the details of the design (whether it’s a physical or virtual application) for which he or she is writing code. Thus, to be successful, a modern professional electronics engineer must have a solid grasp of both hardware design and programming. Assembly Language Essentials is a matter-of-fact guide to Assembly that will introduce you to the most fundamental programming language of a processor. Unlike other resources about Assembly that focus exclusively on specific processors and platforms, this book uses the architecture of a fictional processor with its own hardware and instruction set. This enables you to consider the importance of Assembly language without having to deal with predetermined hardware or architectural restrictions. You’ll immediately find this thorough introduction to Assembly to be a valuable resource, whether you know nothing about the language or you have used it before. The only prerequisite is that you have a working knowledge of at least one higher-level programming language, such as C or Java. Assembly Language Essentials is an indispensible resource for electronics engineering professionals, academics, and advanced students looking to enhance their programming skills. The book provides the following, and more: An introduction to Assembly language and its functionality Significant definitions associated with Assembly language, as well as essential terminology pertaining to higher-level programming languages and computer architecture Important algorithms that may be built into high-level languages, but must be done the “hard way” in Assembly language — multiplication, division, and polynomial evaluation A presentation of Interrupt Service Routines with examples A free, downloadable Assembler program for experimenting with Assembly

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AVR Architecture and Programming An in-depth look at the 8-bit AVR architecture found in ATtiny and ATmega microcontrollers, mainly from a software and programming point of view. Explore the AVR architecture using C and assembly language in Microchip Studio (formerly Atmel Studio) with ATtiny microcontrollers. Learn the details of how AVR microcontrollers work internally, including the internal registers and memory map of ATtiny devices. Program ATtiny microcontrollers using an Atmel-ICE programmer/debugger, or use a cheap hobby programmer, or even an Arduino Uno as a programmer. Most code examples can be run using the Microchip Studio AVR simulator. Learn to write programs for ATtiny microcontrollers in assembly language. See how assembly language is converted to machine code instructions by the assembler program. Find out how programs written in the C programming language end up as assembly language and finally as machine code instructions. Use the Microchip Studio debugger in combination with a hardware USB programmer/debugger to test assembly and C language programs, or use the Microchip Studio AVR simulator. DIP packaged ATtiny microcontrollers are used in this volume for easy use on electronic breadboards, targeting mainly the ATtiny13(A) and ATtiny25/45/85. Learn about instruction timing and clocks in AVR microcontrollers using ATtiny devices. Be on your way to becoming an AVR expert with advanced debugging and programming skills.

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The Arduino Nano ESP32 (with and without headers) is a Nano form factor board based on the ESP32-S3 (embedded in the NORA-W106-10B from u-blox). This is the first Arduino board to be based fully on an ESP32, and features Wi-Fi, Bluetooth LE, debugging via native USB in the Arduino IDE as well as low power. The Nano ESP32 is compatible with the Arduino IoT Cloud, and has support for MicroPython. It is an ideal board for getting started with IoT development. Features Tiny footprint: Designed with the well-known Nano form factor in mind, this board's compact size makes it perfect for embedding in standalone projects. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth: Harness the power of the ESP32-S3 microcontroller, well-known in the IoT realm, with full Arduino support for wireless and Bluetooth connectivity. Arduino and MicroPython support: Seamlessly switch between Arduino and MicroPython programming with a few simple steps. Arduino IoT Cloud compatible: Quickly and easily create IoT projects with just a few lines of code. The setup takes care of security, allowing you to monitor and control your project from anywhere using the Arduino IoT Cloud app. HID support: Simulate human interface devices, such as keyboards or mice, over USB, opening up new possibilities for interacting with your computer. Specifications Microcontroller u-blox NORA-W106 (ESP32-S3) USB connector USB-C Pins Built-in LED pins 13 Built-in RGB LED pins 14-16 Digital I/O pins 14 Analog input pins 8 PWM pins 5 External interrupts All digital pins Connectivity Wi-Fi u-blox NORA-W106 (ESP32-S3) Bluetooth u-blox NORA-W106 (ESP32-S3) Communication UART 2x I²C 1x, A4 (SDA), A5 (SCL) SPI D11 (COPI), D12 (CIPO), D13 (SCK). Use any GPIO for Chip Select (CS) Power I/O Voltage 3.3 V Input voltage (nominal) 6-21 V Source Current per I/O pin 40 mA Sink Current per I/O pin 28 mA Clock speed Processor Up to 240 MHz Memory ROM 384 kB SRAM 512 kB External Flash 128 Mbit (16 MB) Dimensions 18 x 45 mm Downloads Datasheet Schematics

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The ESP32-WROOM-32, measuring 25.2 x 18 mm only, contains the ESP32 SoC, flash memory, precision discrete components, and PCB antenna to provide outstanding RF performance in space-constrained applications. ESP32-WROOM-32 is a powerful, generic Wi-Fi + BT + BLE MCU module that targets a wide variety of applications, ranging from low-power sensor networks to the most demanding tasks, such as voice encoding, music streaming and MP3 decoding. At the core of this module is the ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip. The chip embedded is designed to be scalable and adaptive. There are two CPU cores that can be individually controlled, and the clock frequency is adjustable from 80 MHz to 240 MHz. The user may also power off the CPU and make use of the low-power co-processor to monitor the peripherals for changes or crossing of thresholds constantly. ESP32 integrates a rich set of peripherals, ranging from capacitive touch sensors, Hall sensors, SD card interface, Ethernet, high-speed SPI, UART, I²S and I²C. The integration of Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE and Wi-Fi ensures that a wide range of applications can be targeted and that the module is future proof. Using Wi-Fi allows a vast physical range and direct connection to the internet through a Wi-Fi router while using Bluetooth allows the user to conveniently connect to the phone or broadcast low energy beacons for its detection. The sleep current of the ESP32 chip is less than 5 µA, making it suitable for battery powered and wearable electronics applications. ESP32 supports a data rate of up to 150 Mbps, and 20.5 dBm output power at the antenna to ensure the broadest physical range. As such the chip does offer industry-leading specifications and the best performance for electronic integration, range, power consumption, and connectivity. Downloads Datasheet

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At the core of this module is ESP32-S2, an Xtensa® 32-bit LX7 CPU that operates at up to 240 MHz. The chip has a low-power co-processor that can be used instead of the CPU to save power while performing tasks that do not require much computing power, such as monitoring of peripherals. ESP32-S2 integrates a rich set of peripherals, ranging from SPI, I²S, UART, I²C, LED PWM, TWAITM, LCD, Camera interface, ADC, DAC, touch sensor, temperature sensor, as well as up to 43 GPIOs. It also includes a full-speed USB On-The-Go (OTG) interface to enable USB communication.FeaturesMCU ESP32-S2 embedded, Xtensa® single-core 32-bit LX7 microprocessor, up to 240 MHz 128 KB ROM 320 KB SRAM 16 KB SRAM in RTC Wi­Fi 802.11 b/g/n Bit rate: 802.11n up to 150 Mbps A-MPDU and A-MSDU aggregation 0.4 µs guard interval support Center frequency range of operating channel: 2412 ~ 2484 MHz Hardware Interfaces: GPIO, SPI, LCD, UART, I²C, I²S, Camera interface, IR, pulse counter, LED PWM, TWAI (compatible with ISO 11898-1), USB OTG 1.1, ADC, DAC, touch sensor, temperature sensor 40 MHz crystal oscillator 4 MB SPI flash Operating voltage/Power supply: 3.0 ~ 3.6 V Operating temperature range: –40 ~ 85 °C Dimensions: 18 × 31 × 3.3 mm Applications Generic Low-power IoT Sensor Hub Generic Low-power IoT Data Loggers Cameras for Video Streaming Over-the-top (OTT) Devices USB Devices Speech Recognition Image Recognition Mesh Network Home Automation Smart Home Control Panel Smart Building Industrial Automation Smart Agriculture Audio Applications Health Care Applications Wi-Fi-enabled Toys Wearable Electronics Retail & Catering Applications Smart POS Machines

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The ESP32-PICO-Kit fits into a mini breadboard. It is fully functional with the minimum number of discrete components, while it has all the ESP32 pins exposed. Features Complete up-to-date documentation is available. All instructions and commands presented work as described. Plentiful additional information and hardware documentation are available too. Applications for the ESP32-PICO-KIT can be developed on Windows, Linux or Mac. Two cores and a radio Like the ESP8266 the ESP32 has Wi-Fi but adds Bluetooth. It also has two 32-bit cores inside, making it extremely powerful, and providing all the ports and interfaces that the ESP8266 is lacking.Oversimplifying things, one might say that the ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi controller that provides some I/O, whereas the ESP32 is a full-fledged controller that also has Wi-Fi. ESP32 peripherals The ESP32 exposes an ADC & DAC, touch sensor circuitry, an SD/SDIO/MMC host controller, an SDIO/SPI slave controller, an EMAC, PWM to control LEDs and motors, UART, SPI, I²C, I²S, infrared remote controller, and, of course, GPIO. ESP32-PICO-KIT Development board The ESP32-PICO-D4 is a System-on-Chip (SoC) integrating an ESP32 chip together with a 4 MB SPI flash memory in a tiny 7 x 7 mm package. The ESP32-PICO-KIT is a breakout board for this SoC with an onboard USB-to-serial converter for easy programming and debugging. Besides the board, you'll need a programming toolchain. Complete, up-to-date documentation from Espressif is available on the Read the Docs website. All instructions and commands presented work as described.Plentiful additional information and hardware documentation are available too. Applications for the ESP32-PICO-KIT can be developed on Windows, Linux or Mac.

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Practical Multitasking Fundamentals Programming embedded systems is difficult because of resource constraints and limited debugging facilities. Why develop your own Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) as well as your application when the proven FreeRTOS software is freely available? Why not start with a validated foundation? Every software developer knows that you must divide a difficult problem into smaller ones to conquer it. Using separate preemptive tasks and FreeRTOS communication mechanisms, a clean separation of functions is achieved within the entire application. This results in safe and maintainable designs. Practicing engineers and students alike can use this book and the ESP32 Arduino environment to wade into FreeRTOS concepts at a comfortable pace. The well-organized text enables you to master each concept before starting the next chapter. Practical breadboard experiments and schematics are included to bring the lessons home. Experience is the best teacher. Each chapter includes exercises to test your knowledge. The coverage of the FreeRTOS Application Programming Interface (API) is complete for the ESP32 Arduino environment. You can apply what you learn to other FreeRTOS environments, including Espressif’s ESP-IDF. The source code is available from GitHub. All of these resources put you in the driver’s seat when it is time to develop your next uber-cool ESP32 project. What you will learn: How preemptive scheduling works within FreeRTOS The Arduino startup “loopTask” Message queues FreeRTOS timers and the IDLE task The semaphore, mutex, and their differences The mailbox and its application Real-time task priorities and its effect Interrupt interaction and use with FreeRTOS Queue sets Notifying tasks with events Event groups Critical sections Task local storage The gatekeeper task

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