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Nobody has any doubt that valve amplifiers produce a remarkably beautiful sound. They have a lively, deep, clear, and expressive sound, and dynamically they do not appear to have any limitations. The author investigates, in a systematic theoretical approach, the reasons for these beautiful properties. He develops new models for power valves and transformers, thus enabling the designer to determine the properties of the amplifier during the design process. Mathematical models for the coupling of power valve(s) and output transformer are provided. These will generate new insights in a special kind of distortion: the dynamic damping factor distortion (DDFD). With mathematical models in the complex domain, especially the properties at the limits of our hearing range (from 20 Hz to 20 kHz) are investigated and the minimal stability criteria for the amplifier are formulated. The often-applied negative feedback in amplifiers is extensively modelled and discussed in relation to our hearing appreciating. And after all this theory a fine selection of special amplifiers is presented and discussed. You will notice in this book that the author not only writes about amplifier technique, but tells about the way the development of valve amplifiers can have an influence on your daily life; even the usefulness of patents is discussed. Summarizing: new theories and solutions for perfect audio with valve amplifiers. Not only the professional and the DIY-er but everyone who wants to understand valve amplifiers will read this book with much pleasure.

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A Toolbox for Audio Lovers and Engineers Without any ambition to reach scientific levels, this book aims to be a toolbox for both audio lovers and high-end equipment designers. The elementary theory presented is the bare minimum for readers to grasp the operation and practical use of electrical, electromagnetic, physics, and electronic operations available in the designers’ toolbox. Each tool is explained in a minimum of words and theory without needless coverage of underlying equations or figures. The book chapters guide you through the process of designing quality amplifiers with vacuum tubes, from the very beginning, considering both technical and subjective requirements – in theory and practice. The book is a compilation of the author’s notes used in his professional and educational career but was nevertheless primarily written as a result of true love for the audiophile hobby.

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Valve Amplifiers are regarded by many to be the ne plus ultra when it comes to processing audio signals. The combination of classical technology and modern components has resulted in a revival of the valve amplifier. The use of toraidal-core output transformers, developed by the author over the past 15 years, has contributed to this revival. The most remarkable features of these transformers are their extremely wide frequency ranges and their very low levels of linear and nonlinear distortion. This book explains the whys and wherefores of toroidal output transformers at various technical levels, starting with elementary concepts and culminating in complete mathematical descriptions. In all of this, the interactions of the output valves, transformer and loudspeaker form the central theme. Next come the practical aspects. The schematic diagram of a valve amplifier often appears to be very simple at first glance, but anyone who has built a modern valve amplifier knows that a lot of critical details are hidden behind this apparent simplicity. These are discussed extensively, in connection with designs for amplifiers with output powers ranging from 10 to 100 watts. Finally, the author gives some attention to a number of special valve amplifiers, and to the theory and practice of negative feedback. In summary, this book offers innovative solutions for achieving perfect audio quality. Do-it-yourself builders, as well as persons who want to gain a deeper technical understanding of the complex world of audio transformers, valve amplifiers and audio signal processing, will find this book a rich and useful source of information.

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A Toolbox for Audio Lovers and Engineers Without any ambition to reach scientific levels, this book aims to be a toolbox for both audio lovers and high-end equipment designers. The elementary theory presented is the bare minimum for readers to grasp the operation and practical use of electrical, electromagnetic, physics, and electronic operations available in the designers’ toolbox. Each tool is explained in a minimum of words and theory without needless coverage of underlying equations or figures. The book chapters guide you through the process of designing quality amplifiers with vacuum tubes, from the very beginning, considering both technical and subjective requirements – in theory and practice. The book is a compilation of the author’s notes used in his professional and educational career but was nevertheless primarily written as a result of true love for the audiophile hobby.

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Space, the final frontier, will become more and more popular. The space industry is continually growing and new products and services will be required. Innovation is needed for the development of this industry. Today it is no longer possible to follow all the events in field of space. The space market is growing and activities are increasing, especially the market for small-satellites. This book wants to help close the gap and encourage electronic engineers to enter into the fascinating field of space electronics. One of the main difficulties is finding people with knowledge of space electronics design. Nowadays companies have to invest a lot of time and resources to instruct electronic engineers with no experience of space. Only a brief and basic introduction of this topic is typically achieved at university in space engineering lectures. Professionals with practical experience and the necessary theoretical knowledge are scarce. Companies from the space sector are searching for staff with knowledge of space electronics. This book will bring space closer aspiring to the space electronic hobbyists.

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Example projects with Node-RED, MQTT, WinCC SCADA, Blynk, and ThingSpeak This comprehensive guide unlocks the power of Modbus TCP/IP communication with Arduino. From the basics of the Modbus protocol right up to full implementation in Arduino projects, the book walks you through the complete process with lucid explanations and practical examples. Learn how to set up Modbus TCP/IP communication with Arduino for seamless data exchange between devices over a network. Explore different Modbus functions and master reading and writing registers to control your devices remotely. Create Modbus client and server applications to integrate into your Arduino projects, boosting their connectivity and automation level. With detailed code snippets and illustrations, this guide is perfect for beginners and experienced Arduino enthusiasts alike. Whether you‘re a hobbyist looking to expand your skills or a professional seeking to implement Modbus TCP/IP communication in your projects, this book provides all the knowledge you need to harness the full potential of Modbus with Arduino. Projects covered in the book: TCP/IP communication between two Arduino Uno boards Modbus TCP/IP communication within the Node-RED environment Combining Arduino, Node-RED, and Blynk IoT cloud Interfacing Modbus TCP/IP with WinCC SCADA to control sensors Using MQTT protocol with Ethernet/ESP8266 Connecting to ThingSpeak IoT cloud using Ethernet/ESP8266

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Program and Build Raspberry Pi 5 Based Ham Station Utilities with the RTL-SDR The RTL-SDR devices (V3 and V4) have gained popularity among radio amateurs because of their very low cost and rich features. A basic system may consist of a USB based RTL-SDR device (dongle) with a suitable antenna, a Raspberry Pi 5 computer, a USB based external audio input-output adapter, and software installed on the Raspberry Pi 5 computer. With such a modest setup, it is possible to receive signals from around 24 MHz to over 1.7 GHz. This book is aimed at amateur radio enthusiasts and electronic engineering students, as well as at anyone interested in learning to use the Raspberry Pi 5 to build electronic projects. The book is suitable for both beginners through experienced readers. Some knowledge of the Python programming language is required to understand and eventually modify the projects given in the book. A block diagram, a circuit diagram, and a complete Python program listing is given for each project, alongside a comprehensive description. The following popular RTL-SDR programs are discussed in detail, aided by step-by-step installation guides for practical use on a Raspberry Pi 5: SimpleFM GQRX SDR++ CubicSDR RTL-SDR Server Dump1090 FLDIGI Quick RTL_433 aldo xcwcp GPredict TWCLOCK CQRLOG klog Morse2Ascii PyQSO Welle.io Ham Clock CHIRP xastir qsstv flrig XyGrib FreeDV Qtel (EchoLink) XDX (DX-Cluster) WSJT-X The application of the Python programming language on the latest Raspberry Pi 5 platform precludes the use of the programs in the book from working on older versions of Raspberry Pi computers.

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Analogue Electronics and Microcontrollers Projects Hobbyist electronics can be a fun way to learn new skills that can be helpful to your career. Those who understand the basics of electronics can design their own circuits and projects. However, before you run, you need to learn to walk. It all starts with analogue electronics. You should be familiar with the simple components and circuits and understand their basic behaviors and the issues you may encounter. The best way to do this is through real experiments. Theory alone is not enough. This book offers a large number of practical entry-level circuits, with which everyone can gain the basic experience. Through the widespread introduction of microcontrollers, a new chapter in electronics has begun. Microcontrollers are now performing more and more tasks that were originally solved using discrete components and conventional ICs. Starting out has become easier and easier thanks to platforms including Bascom, Arduino, micro:bit. The book introduces numerous manageable microcontroller applications. It’s now a case of less soldering and more programming.

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Practical Introduction to 3D Modeling from Enclosure to Front Panel Embedding a vintage component, creating a professional looking home for a circuit board, or even designing a complex apparatus complete with a chassis – these and many other challenges turn into a stimulating pleasure with FreeCAD. Once you have internalized the basic processes, there are virtually no limits to your imagination. Starting to use a new software is never straightforward – especially with a tool as versatile as FreeCAD. Manageable, but at the same time easily usable individual components provide the starting point in this book. Putting these components together later results in assemblies. In the FreeCAD universe, a workable trajectory is demonstrated. The described procedure is illustrative so the examples are easily applied to custom tasks. The devices were made by the author and illustrated with photos. Creating a 3D design is requiring some effort but the initial investment pays off soon. Besides the impressive spatial representation of the projects, the extracted drawings yield a solid base for documentation and production. Extended FreeCAD capabilities like the unfolding of sheet metal parts enormously add to efficiency and pushes models forward into practical assembly. Soon you will definitely not want to do without FreeCAD!

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Program and build Arduino-based ham station utilities, tools, and instruments In addition to a detailed introduction to the exciting world of the Arduino microcontroller and its many variants, this book introduces you to the shields, modules, and components you can connect to the Arduino. Many of these components are discussed in detail and used in the projects included in this book to help you understand how these components can be incorporated into your own Arduino projects. Emphasis has been placed on designing and creating a wide range of amateur radio-related projects that can easily be built in just a few days. This book is written for ham radio operators and Arduino enthusiasts of all skill levels, and includes discussions about the tools, construction methods, and troubleshooting techniques used in creating amateur radio-related Arduino projects. The book teaches you how to create feature-rich Arduino-based projects, with the goal of helping you to advance beyond this book, and design and build your own ham radio Arduino projects. In addition, this book describes in detail the design, construction, programming, and operation of the following projects: CW Beacon and Foxhunt Keyer Mini Weather Station RF Probe with LED Bar Graph DTMF Tone Encoder DTMF Tone Decoder Waveform Generator Auto Power On/Off Bluetooth CW Keyer Station Power Monitor AC Current Monitor This book assumes a basic knowledge of electronics and circuit construction. Basic knowledge of how to program the Arduino using its IDE will also be beneficial.

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The Raspberry Pi is a $35 credit-card sized computer with many applications, such as in desktop computing, audio and video playback, and as a controller in many industrial, commercial and domestic applications. This book is about the Raspberry Pi computer and its use in control applications. The book explains in simple terms, with examples, how to configure the RPi, how to install and use the Linux operating system, how to write programs using the Python programming language and how to develop hardware based projects. The book starts with an introduction to the Raspberry Pi computer and covers the topics of purchasing all the necessary equipment and installing/using the Linux operating system in command mode. Use of the user-friendly graphical desktop operating environment is explained using example applications. The RPi network interface is explained in simple steps and demonstrates how the computer can be accessed remotely from a desktop or a laptop computer. The remaining parts of the book cover the Python programming language, hardware development tools, hardware interface details, and RPi based hardware projects. All the 23 projects given in the book have been tested and are working. The following headings are given for each project: Project title Project description Project block diagram Project circuit diagram Project program description using the Program Description Language (PDL) Complete program listing Description of the program The book is ideal for self-study, and is intended for electronic/electrical engineering students, practising engineers, research students, and hobbyists.

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Practical Multitasking Fundamentals Programming embedded systems is difficult because of resource constraints and limited debugging facilities. Why develop your own Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) as well as your application when the proven FreeRTOS software is freely available? Why not start with a validated foundation? Every software developer knows that you must divide a difficult problem into smaller ones to conquer it. Using separate preemptive tasks and FreeRTOS communication mechanisms, a clean separation of functions is achieved within the entire application. This results in safe and maintainable designs. Practicing engineers and students alike can use this book and the ESP32 Arduino environment to wade into FreeRTOS concepts at a comfortable pace. The well-organized text enables you to master each concept before starting the next chapter. Practical breadboard experiments and schematics are included to bring the lessons home. Experience is the best teacher. Each chapter includes exercises to test your knowledge. The coverage of the FreeRTOS Application Programming Interface (API) is complete for the ESP32 Arduino environment. You can apply what you learn to other FreeRTOS environments, including Espressif’s ESP-IDF. The source code is available from GitHub. All of these resources put you in the driver’s seat when it is time to develop your next uber-cool ESP32 project. What you will learn: How preemptive scheduling works within FreeRTOS The Arduino startup “loopTask” Message queues FreeRTOS timers and the IDLE task The semaphore, mutex, and their differences The mailbox and its application Real-time task priorities and its effect Interrupt interaction and use with FreeRTOS Queue sets Notifying tasks with events Event groups Critical sections Task local storage The gatekeeper task

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