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Nobody has any doubt that valve amplifiers produce a remarkably beautiful sound. They have a lively, deep, clear, and expressive sound, and dynamically they do not appear to have any limitations. The author investigates, in a systematic theoretical approach, the reasons for these beautiful properties. He develops new models for power valves and transformers, thus enabling the designer to determine the properties of the amplifier during the design process. Mathematical models for the coupling of power valve(s) and output transformer are provided. These will generate new insights in a special kind of distortion: the dynamic damping factor distortion (DDFD). With mathematical models in the complex domain, especially the properties at the limits of our hearing range (from 20 Hz to 20 kHz) are investigated and the minimal stability criteria for the amplifier are formulated. The often-applied negative feedback in amplifiers is extensively modelled and discussed in relation to our hearing appreciating. And after all this theory a fine selection of special amplifiers is presented and discussed. You will notice in this book that the author not only writes about amplifier technique, but tells about the way the development of valve amplifiers can have an influence on your daily life; even the usefulness of patents is discussed. Summarizing: new theories and solutions for perfect audio with valve amplifiers. Not only the professional and the DIY-er but everyone who wants to understand valve amplifiers will read this book with much pleasure.

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Valve Amplifiers are regarded by many to be the ne plus ultra when it comes to processing audio signals. The combination of classical technology and modern components has resulted in a revival of the valve amplifier. The use of toraidal-core output transformers, developed by the author over the past 15 years, has contributed to this revival. The most remarkable features of these transformers are their extremely wide frequency ranges and their very low levels of linear and nonlinear distortion. This book explains the whys and wherefores of toroidal output transformers at various technical levels, starting with elementary concepts and culminating in complete mathematical descriptions. In all of this, the interactions of the output valves, transformer and loudspeaker form the central theme. Next come the practical aspects. The schematic diagram of a valve amplifier often appears to be very simple at first glance, but anyone who has built a modern valve amplifier knows that a lot of critical details are hidden behind this apparent simplicity. These are discussed extensively, in connection with designs for amplifiers with output powers ranging from 10 to 100 watts. Finally, the author gives some attention to a number of special valve amplifiers, and to the theory and practice of negative feedback. In summary, this book offers innovative solutions for achieving perfect audio quality. Do-it-yourself builders, as well as persons who want to gain a deeper technical understanding of the complex world of audio transformers, valve amplifiers and audio signal processing, will find this book a rich and useful source of information.

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50+ Android Apps with Raspberry Pi, ESP32 and Arduino This book is about developing apps for Android compatible mobile devices using the MIT App Inventor online development environment. MIT App Inventor projects can be in either standalone mode or use an external processor. In standalone mode, the developed application runs only on the mobile device (e.g. Android). In external processor-based applications, the mobile device communicates with an external microcontroller-based processor, such as Raspberry Pi, Arduino, ESP8266, ESP32, etc. In this book, many tested and fully working projects are given both in standalone mode and using an external processor. Full design steps, block programs, circuit diagrams, QR codes and full program listings are given for all projects. The projects developed in this book include: Using the text-to-speech component Intonating a received SMS message Sending SMS messages Making telephone calls using a contacts list Using the GPS and Pin-pointing our location on a map Speech recognition and speech translation to another language Controlling multiple relays by speech commands Projects for the Raspberry Pi, ESP32 and Arduino using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi MIT APP Inventor and Node-RED projects for the Raspberry Pi The book is unique in that it is currently the only book that teaches how to develop projects using Wi-Fi and Node-RED with MIT App Inventor. The book is aimed at students, hobbyists, and anyone interested in developing apps for mobile devices. All projects presented in this book have been developed using the MIT App Inventor visual programming language. There is no need to write any text-based programs. All projects are compatible with Android-based mobile devices. Full program listings for all projects as well as detailed program descriptions are given in the book. Users should be able to use the projects as they are presented, modifying them to suit their own needs.

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This rigid end effector plate is designed to be in place of the standard AxiDraw pen-lift Z stage, and provides an alternative mounting scheme for mounting various things to the end of the AxiDraw's arm, for applications where greater rigidity is important but the lifting ability of the standard Z stage is not required. The rigid end effector is custom machined from aluminum, and provides six M3 tapped holes and two M4 tapped holes for mounting what ever it is that you would like to mount to the end of the AxiDraw, to use it as a 2D robot arm. The hole pattern is compatible with the AxiDraw pen clip, so you can, if you like, mount the AxiDraw's pen clip to this end effector. Installation is straightforward, but requires a Pozidrive PZ2 screwdriver, not included*. Remove the AxiDraw's pen clip, and then remove the pen-lift Z stage by removing two screws with the PZ2 screwdriver. Install the rigid end effector plate in its place, using the two included mounting screws and the PZ2 screwdriver. You may wish to also tie back or fully remove the AxiDraw's cable guides, which normally extend to power the pen-lift stage. Specifications Material: Anodized 6061-T6 aluminum Size: 1.97 x 1.38 x 0.19 inches (50 x 35 x 4.8 mm) Weight: Approximately 11 g Mounting hardware: included (Two M4x12 pozidrive-head self-tapping screws) Compatibility All AxiDraw V3 family pen plotters AxiDraw V3/A3 AxiDraw SE/A3 AxiDraw MiniKit models

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This book discusses the basic components of any alarm system. All alarm systems have two basic functions. First, they monitor their environment looking for a change such as a door or window opening or someone moving about in the room. Second, they alert the legal owner or user to this change. The system described in this book uses a scanning type software to detect intruders. It behaves like a guard dog, pacing up and down the fence line on the lookout for either an intruder or a familiar person. If you have an alarm key, you can disarm the system and enter. With the scanning method, the software is easy to write and explain. It can scan eight alarm zones plus two special fire zones in about one second. You don’t have to be an electrical engineer to install an alarm system, just a decent carpenter, painter, and plasterer! Because this alarm system runs on 12 volts, you don’t have to be a licensed electrician either to install it. The alarm system presented here uses Python software on the Raspberry Pi combined with some elementary electronic circuits. The code described in the book, as well as CAD files and a bill of materials for the alarm panel, are available for free downloading. The book provides the reader with examples of typical configurations coming straight from the author‘s experience. After reviewing the hardware components typically used in common alarm systems, the author shows how to plan one yourself. To implement a modular alarm, no matter if it is for a single house or for a business or restaurant, the book shows how to skillfully combine a Raspberry Pi with small auxiliary electronic circuits. These are not installation instructions but food for thought that will enable readers to find a solution to their needs.

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This book discusses the basic components of any alarm system. All alarm systems have two basic functions. First, they monitor their environment looking for a change such as a door or window opening or someone moving about in the room. Second, they alert the legal owner or user to this change. The system described in this book uses a scanning type software to detect intruders. It behaves like a guard dog, pacing up and down the fence line on the lookout for either an intruder or a familiar person. If you have an alarm key, you can disarm the system and enter. With the scanning method, the software is easy to write and explain. It can scan eight alarm zones plus two special fire zones in about one second. You don’t have to be an electrical engineer to install an alarm system, just a decent carpenter, painter, and plasterer! Because this alarm system runs on 12 volts, you don’t have to be a licensed electrician either to install it. The alarm system presented here uses Python software on the Raspberry Pi combined with some elementary electronic circuits. The code described in the book, as well as CAD files and a bill of materials for the alarm panel, are available for free downloading. The book provides the reader with examples of typical configurations coming straight from the author‘s experience. After reviewing the hardware components typically used in common alarm systems, the author shows how to plan one yourself. To implement a modular alarm, no matter if it is for a single house or for a business or restaurant, the book shows how to skillfully combine a Raspberry Pi with small auxiliary electronic circuits. These are not installation instructions but food for thought that will enable readers to find a solution to their needs.

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The Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera is an affordable high-quality camera from Raspberry Pi. It offers 12-megapixel resolution and a 7.9-mm diagonal sensor for impressive low-light performance. The M12 Mount variant is designed to work with most interchangeable M12 lenses, and the CS Mount variant is designed to work with interchangeable lenses in both CS and C mount form factors (C mount lenses require the use of the C-CS adapter included with this variant). Other lens form factors can be accommodated using third-party lens adapters. The High Quality Camera is well suited to industrial and consumer applications, including security cameras, which require the highest levels of visual fidelity and/ or integration with specialist optics. It is compatible with all models of Raspberry Pi from Model B onwards. Specifications Sensor Sony IMX477R stacked, back-illuminated sensor Resolution 12.3 megapixels Sensor size 7.9 mm sensor diagonal Pixel size 1.55 x 1.55 μm Output RAW12/10/8, COMP8 Back focus length of lens 2.6–11.8 mm (M12 Mount variant)12.5–22.4 mm (CS Mount variant) Lens sensor format 1/2.3” (7.9 mm) or larger IR cut filter Integrated Ribbon cable length 200 mm Tripod mount 1/4”-20 Included 1x Circuit board carrying a Sony IMX477 sensor 1x FPC cable for connection to a Raspberry Pi computer 1x Milled aluminium lens mount with integrated tripod mount 1x C to CS mount adapter 3x Lens locking rings Required M12 Mount Lens

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The Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera offers higher resolution (12 megapixels, compared to 8 megapixels), and sensitivity (approximately 50% greater area per pixel for improved low-light performance) than the existing Camera Module v2, and is designed to work with interchangeable lenses in both C and CS Mount form factors. Other lens form factors can be accommodated using third-party lens adapters. Specifications Sensor Sony IMX477R stacked, back-illuminated sensor12.3 megapixels7.9 mm sensor diagonal1.55 x 1.55 μm pixel size Output RAW12/10/8, COMP8 Back focus Adjustable (12.5–22.4 mm) Lens standards CS MountC Mount (C/CS adapter included) IR cut filter Integrated Ribbon cable length 200 mm Tripod mount 1/4”-20 Included 1x Circuit board carrying a Sony IMX477 sensor 1x FPC cable for connection to a Raspberry Pi 1x Milled aluminium lens mount with integrated tripod mount and focus adjustment ring 1x C/CS Mount adapter Required C/CS Mount Lens

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Features Pitch spacing is 2.54 mm (1 to 36 contacts per row) with vertical orientation Number of contacts: 40 Number of rows: 2 Gender: receptacle Contact termination type: Through hole Contact Plating: Tin plated contacts High operating temperature range of -55°C to 105°C for matte tin plated contacts Contact material is phosphor bronze Black glass filled polyester insulator material Tiger Buy contact system Complies with UL E111594 and CSA 090871_0_000 standards

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The board contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a micro-USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Due is compatible with all Arduino shields that work at 3.3V and are compliant with the 1.0 Arduino pinout. The Due follows the 1.0 pinout: TWI: SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin. IOREF: allows an attached shield with the proper configuration to adapt to the voltage provided by the board. This enables shield compatibility with a 3.3V board like the Due and AVR-based boards which operate at 5V. An unconnected pin, reserved for future use. Specifications Operating Voltage 3.3 V Input Voltage 7-12 V Digital I/O 54 Analog Input Pins 12 Analog Output Pins 2 (DAC) Total DC Output Current on all I/O Lines 130 mA DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA DC Current for 3.3 V Pin 800 mA DC Current for 5 V Pin 800 mA Flash Memory 512 KB all available for the user applications SRAM 96 KB Clock Speed 84 MHz Length 101.52 mm Width 53.3 mm Weight 36 g Please note: Unlike most Arduino boards, the Arduino Due board runs at 3.3V. The maximum voltage that the I/O pins can tolerate is 3.3V. Applying voltages higher than 3.3V to any I/O pin could damage the board.

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M5Atom Joystick is a versatile programmable dual-joystick remote controller featuring the AtomS3 as the main controller, with an STM32 handling co-processing functions. It is equipped with two 5-way joysticks with hall sensors, two function buttons, and built-in RGB LEDs for human-machine interaction and status indication. The device includes two high-voltage battery charging circuits. It comes pre-loaded with the Stamp Fly control firmware and communicates with Stamp Fly via the ESP-NOW protocol. The firmware source code is open-source. This product is suitable for drone control, robot control, smart cars, and various DIY projects. Applications Drone control Robot control Smart cars DIY projects Features STM32F030F4P6 Equipped with M5AtomS3 Compatible with Atom Lite, Atom Matrix, AtomS3 Lite, AtomS3 Dual joysticks, dual buttons, toggle switch WS2812 RGB LEDs Dual high-voltage lithium battery charging circuits Battery detection Specifications MCU STM32F030F4P6 RGB WS2812C Charging IC TP4067 @ 4.35 V Battery 300 mAh Charging Current 500 mA Button Left/Right Button Buzzer Built-in Passive Buzzer @ 5020 Operating temperature 0-40°C Dimensions 84 x 60 x 31.5 mm Weight 63.5 g Included 1x Atom JoyStick 1x 300 mAh high-voltage Lithium battery Downloads Documentation

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The Arduino Micro contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a micro USB cable to get started. It has a form factor that enables it to be easily placed on a breadboard. The Micro board is similar to the Arduino Leonardo in that the ATmega32U4 has built-in USB communication, eliminating the need for a secondary processor. This allows the Micro to appear to a connected computer as a mouse and keyboard, in addition to a virtual (CDC) serial / COM port. Specifications Microcontroller ATmega32U4 Operating Voltage 5 V Input Voltage 7 V - 12 V Analog Input Pins 12 PWM Pins 7 DC I/O Pin 20 DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA DC Current for 3.3 V Pin 50 mA Flash Memory 32 KB of which 4 KB used by the bootloader SRAM 2.5 KB EEPROM 1 KB Clock Speed 16 MHz LED_Builtin 13 Length 45 mm Width 18 mm Weight 13 g

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