A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware
A manual providing up-to-date hardware information for the Arduino Mega 2560.
The Arduino Mega 2560 is an upgrade to the popular Arduino Uno board, providing more pins, serial ports and memory. Arduino is the easy to use open-source electronics platform used by hobbyists, makers, hackers, experimenters, educators and professionals.
Get all the information that you need on the hardware and firmware found on Arduino Mega 2560 boards in this handy reference and user guide. Ideal for the workbench or desktop. This manual covers the Arduino Mega 2560 hardware and firmware, and is a companion volume to the Ultimate Arduino Uno Hardware Manual, which covers the Arduino Uno hardware and firmware.
Contains all of the Arduino Mega 2560 hardware information in one place
Covers Arduino / Genuino Mega 2560 revision 3 and earlier boards
Easily find hardware technical specifications with explanations
Pin reference chapter with interfacing examples
Diagrams and illustrations for easy reference to pin functions and hardware connections
Learn to back up and restore firmware on the board, or load new firmware
Basic fault finding and repair procedures for Arduino Mega 2560 boards
Power supply circuits simplified and explained
Mechanical dimensions split into five easy to reference diagrams
Contains circuit diagrams, parts list and board layout to easily locate components
A chapter on shield compatibility explains how shields work across different Arduino boards
With the JOY-iT PS1440-C-Pro, you get a programmable laboratory power supply that delivers DC voltages ranging from 0.01 to 60 V and DC currents from 0.01 to 24 A at the voltage output.
The intuitive control panel allows you to program, store, and recall up to 9 different DC voltage settings. You can also configure individual protection and limiting functions—such as overvoltage protection. All settings are easily adjusted via the keypad and/or rotary control and are clearly shown on the high-resolution 2.4" color display.
For enhanced connectivity, the PS1440-C-Pro includes an RS485 interface for robust, long-distance communication. This makes it ideal for complex setups where signal stability, noise immunity, and reliable data transfer are critical. The included connector ensures a secure connection, improving the overall reliability and performance of your laboratory equipment setup.
Features
Complete device ready for immediate use
RS485 interface
Battery charging function
Values can be entered conveniently via keypad
Over current & over voltage protection adjustable
Integrated RTC, NTC temperature sensor
Included detailed documentation in English, German & French
Specifications
Input voltage
230 V
Output voltage
060 V
Output current
0-24 A
Output power
0-1440 W
Input voltage accuracy
±1% +5 digits
Output voltage accuracy
±0.3% +3 digits
Output current accuracy
±0.5% +5 digits
Battery voltage
±0.5% +3 digits
Input voltage measurement resolution
0.01 V
Output voltage measurement resolution
0.01 V
Current measurement resolution
0.01 V
Battery voltage measurement resolution
0.01 V
Response time in constant voltage mode
2 ms @ 0.1-5 A
Load regulation in constant voltage mode
±0.1% +2 digits
Load regulation in constant current mode
±0.1% +3 digits
Measuring range electric charge
0-9999.99 Ah
Measuring range energy
0-9999.99 Wh
Statistical errors in electric charge & energy
±2%
Output ripple
100 mV VPP @ 12 V150 mV VPP @ 24 V
Sensor temperature detection range
−10~100°C (0-200°F)
Sensor temperature detection accuracy
±3°C (±6°F)
Working mode
Step-down operation
Screen brightness setting
Level 0-5, 6 levels in total
Permissible working temperature
−10~40°C (0-104°F)
Dimensions
170 x 93 x 340 mm
Included
JOY-iT PS1440-C Power Supply
2-pin connector for RS485 interface
Power cord
Manual
Downloads
Datasheet
MODBUS Protocol
PC Software
Driver for Windows
For a limited time, the Joy-Pi Advanced is available in a great-value bundle with a Raspberry Pi 4 (8 GB)!
The Joy-Pi Advanced is a compact and powerful device that allows you to realize your projects quickly and easily. Whether you already have a lot of experience, or next to none, the Joy-Pi Advanced lets you unleash your creativity. Thanks to its compatibility with a wide range of platforms, including Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi Pico, Arduino Nano, BBC micro:bit, and NodeMCU ESP32, you can easily and quickly access your preferred platform.
In addition, the Joy-Pi Advanced features more than 30 stations, lessons, and modules, giving you an unlimited variety of ways to get your projects done. With the self-developed learning center, you can not only improve your skills but also create new projects. The learning center offers a wealth of information and tutorials that will guide you step by step through your projects.
Joy-Pi Advanced is characterized in particular by its intelligent switch units, which allow an extended use of the available pins. A total of three switch units are integrated, each equipped with 12 individual switches that provide precise control of the connected sensors and modules. This system solves the well-known problem of limited pin count that occurs with conventional microcontrollers. The switch units allow you to operate a large number of sensors and modules in parallel by switching them on and off individually. This simulates multiple pin assignment, allowing you to exploit the full power of your projects without compromising functionality.
By combining innovative adapter boards and the micro:bit slot, you can achieve seamless compatibility with a wide range of microcontrollers such as Raspberry Pi Pico, NodeMCU ESP32, micro:mit and Arduino Nano. The specially developed adapter boards are designed to perfectly match the respective microcontroller. By plugging the microcontroller onto the appropriate adapter board and then plugging it into the micro:bit slot, the Joy-Pi Advanced quickly and easily becomes compatible with the different microcontrollers. This allows seamless integration of your preferred platform and the ability to combine the strengths of the different microcontrollers in your projects. This way, you can fully focus on your creative projects without worrying about the compatibility of different microcontrollers. The Joy-Pi Advanced simplifies the development process and gives you the possibility to design your projects flexibly and individually.
Features
Highly integrated development platform & learning center
Fast, easy & wireless combination of various sensors & actuators
Installation option for Raspberry Pi 4
Compatible with various microcontrollers
Self-developed, didactic learning platform for Raspberry Pi & Windows
Specifications
Compatible to
Raspberry Pi 4, Arduino Nano, NodeMCU ESP32, BBC micro:bit, Raspberry Pi Pico
Installed sensors, actuators & components
39
Learning platform
Over 40 entries in the know-ledge database, 10 projects, 10 learning tasks, 14 visions
Displays
7-segment display, 16x2 display, 1.8“ TFT display, 0.96" OLED display, 8x8 RGB matrix
Sensors
DS18B20, shock sensor, hall sensor, barometer, sound sensor, gyroscope, PIR sensor, Light barrier, NTC, Light sensor, 6x touch sensor, color sensor, ultrasonic distance sensor, DHT11 temperature & humidity sensor
Control
Joystick, 5x switches, potentiometer, rotary encoder, 4x4 button matrix, relays, PWM fan
Motors
Servo interface, Stepper motor interface, Vibration motor
Measuring & conversion modules
Analog-Digital Converter, Level converter, voltmeter, Variable voltage supply
Other components
RTC real time clock, buzzer, EEPROM memory, infrared receiver, breadboard, RFID reader
Adapter boards
Adapter for NodeMCU ESP32, Arduino Nano & Raspberry Pi Pico, Board connectors for Raspberry Pi & External Boards
Electronic components
Infrared remote control, RFID chip, RFID card, 6x alligator clips, microSD card reader, servo motor, stepper motor, 32 GB microSD card
Components
40x resistors, 3x green LEDs, 3x yellow LEDs, 3x red LEDs, 1x transistor, 5x buttons, 1x potentiometer, 2x capacitors
Other accessories
Screw assortment, screwdriver, accessory storage bag, power supply & power cable, servo mount
Power supply
Built-in power supply: 36 W, 12 V, 3 A Case connector: Small device plug C8
Voltage outputs
12 V, 5 V, 3.3 V, Variable voltage output (2-11 V)
Data buses & signal outputs
I²C, SPI, Analog to digital converter
Battery (RTC)
CR2032
Dimensions
327 x 200 x 52 mm
Included
Raspberry Pi 4 (8 GB RAM)
Downloads
Joy-Pi website
Datasheet
Manual
An Introduction to Real and Reduced-Scale Autonomous Vehicles
Want to cut through the hype and get to the core of autonomous and connected vehicles? Then this book is your clear, accessible guide to a complex and fast-moving field. Starting with Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), it walks you through the essential foundations, including Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) – the stepping stones to full autonomy.
Explore how self-driving cars mimic human behavior through a loop of perception, analysis, decision, and action. Discover the key functions that make it possible: localization, obstacle detection, driver monitoring, cooperative awareness – and the most challenging of all, trajectory planning, across strategic, tactical, and operational levels.
Will vehicles be connected? The debate is on – but the standards are already here. Learn how connectivity, infrastructure, and vehicles can work in synergy through the innovative concept of floating car data (FCD).
Dive into real-world implementation: with embedded electronics account-ing for over 30% of a modern vehicle‘s cost, we unpack the architecture, coordination, and tools required to manage the complexity – brought to life with a hands-on case study.
To finish, we open the door to the future: building your own 1:10 scale autonomous vehicle. No plug-and-play solutions – just the foundations for a collaborative, creative, and geek-friendly challenge.
Let’s drive the future together.
An Introduction to Real and Reduced-Scale Autonomous Vehicles
Want to cut through the hype and get to the core of autonomous and connected vehicles? Then this book is your clear, accessible guide to a complex and fast-moving field. Starting with Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), it walks you through the essential foundations, including Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) – the stepping stones to full autonomy.
Explore how self-driving cars mimic human behavior through a loop of perception, analysis, decision, and action. Discover the key functions that make it possible: localization, obstacle detection, driver monitoring, cooperative awareness – and the most challenging of all, trajectory planning, across strategic, tactical, and operational levels.
Will vehicles be connected? The debate is on – but the standards are already here. Learn how connectivity, infrastructure, and vehicles can work in synergy through the innovative concept of floating car data (FCD).
Dive into real-world implementation: with embedded electronics account-ing for over 30% of a modern vehicle‘s cost, we unpack the architecture, coordination, and tools required to manage the complexity – brought to life with a hands-on case study.
To finish, we open the door to the future: building your own 1:10 scale autonomous vehicle. No plug-and-play solutions – just the foundations for a collaborative, creative, and geek-friendly challenge.
Let’s drive the future together.
Technology is constantly changing. New microcontrollers become available every year. The one thing that has stayed the same is the C programming language used to program these microcontrollers. If you would like to learn this standard language to program microcontrollers, then this book is for you!
Arduino is the hardware platform used to teach the C programming language as Arduino boards are available worldwide and contain the popular AVR microcontrollers from Atmel.
Atmel Studio is used as the development environment for writing C programs for AVR microcontrollers. It is a full-featured integrated development environment (IDE) that uses the GCC C software tools for AVR microcontrollers and is free to download.
At a glance:
Start learning to program from the very first chapter
No programming experience is necessary
Learn by doing – type and run the example programs
A fun way to learn the C programming language
Ideal for electronic hobbyists, students and engineers wanting to learn the C programming language in an embedded environment on AVR microcontrollers
Use the free full-featured Atmel Studio IDE software for Windows
Write C programs for 8-bit AVR microcontrollers as found on the Arduino Uno and MEGA boards
Example code runs on Arduino Uno and Arduino MEGA 2560 boards and can be adapted to run on other AVR microcontrollers or boards
Use the AVR Dragon programmer/debugger in conjunction with Atmel Studio to debug C programs
Third, extended and revised edition with AVR Playground and Elektor Uno R4
Arduino boards have become hugely successful. They are simple to use and inexpensive. This book will not only familiarize you with the world of Arduino but it will also teach you how to program microcontrollers in general. In this book theory is put into practice on an Arduino board using the Arduino programming environment.
Some hardware is developed too: a multi-purpose shield to build some of the experiments from the first 10 chapters on; the AVR Playground, a real Arduino-based microcontroller development board for comfortable application development, and the Elektor Uno R4, an Arduino Uno R3 on steroids.
The author, an Elektor Expert, provides the reader with the basic theoretical knowledge necessary to program any microcontroller: inputs and outputs (analog and digital), interrupts, communication busses (RS-232, SPI, I²C, 1-wire, SMBus, etc.), timers, and much more. The programs and sketches presented in the book show how to use various common electronic components: matrix keyboards, displays (LED, alphanumeric and graphic color LCD), motors, sensors (temperature, pressure, humidity, sound, light, and infrared), rotary encoders, piezo buzzers, pushbuttons, relays, etc. This book will be your first book about microcontrollers with a happy ending!
This book is for you if you are a beginner in microcontrollers, an Arduino user (hobbyist, tinkerer, artist, etc.) wishing to deepen your knowledge,an Electronics Graduate under Undergraduate student or a teacher looking for ideas.
Thanks to Arduino the implementation of the presented concepts is simple and fun. Some of the proposed projects are very original:
Money Game
Misophone (a musical fork)
Car GPS Scrambler
Weather Station
DCF77 Decoder
Illegal Time Transmitter
Infrared Remote Manipulator
Annoying Sound Generator
Italian Horn Alarm
Overheating Detector
PID Controller
Data Logger
SVG File Oscilloscope
6-Channel Voltmeter
All projects and code examples in this book have been tried and tested on an Arduino Uno board. They should also work with the Arduino Mega and every other compatible board that exposes the Arduino shield extension connectors.
Please note
For this book, the author has designed a versatile printed circuit board that can be stacked on an Arduino board. The assembly can be used not only to try out many of the projects presented in this book but also allows for new exercises that in turn provide the opportunity to discover new techniques. Also available is a kit of parts including the PCB and all components. With this kit you can build most of the circuits described in the book and more.
Datasheets Active Components Used (.PDF file):
ATmega328 (Arduino Uno)
ATmega2560 (Arduino Mega 2560)
BC547 (bipolar transistor, chapters 7, 8, 9)
BD139 (bipolar power transistor, chapter 10)
BS170 (N-MOS transistor, chapter 8)
DCF77 (receiver module, chapter 9)
DS18B20 (temperature sensor, chapter 10)
DS18S20 (temperature sensor, chapter 10)
HP03S (pressure sensor, chapter 8)
IRF630 (N-MOS power transistor, chapter 7)
IRF9630 (P-MOS power transistor, chapter 7)
LMC6464 (quad op-amp, chapter 7)
MLX90614 (infrared sensor, chapter 10)
SHT11 (humidity sensor, chapter 8)
TS922 (dual op-amp, chapter 9)
TSOP34836 (infrared receiver, chapter 9)
TSOP1736 (infrared receiver, chapter 9)
MPX4115 (analogue pressure sensor, chapter 11)
MCCOG21605B6W-SPTLYI (I²C LCD, chapter 12)
SST25VF016B (SPI EEPROM, chapter 13)
About the author
Clemens Valens, born in the Netherlands, lives in France since 1997. Manager at Elektor Labs and Webmaster of ElektorLabs, in love with electronics, he develops microcontroller systems for fun, and sometimes for his employer too. Polyglot—he is fluent in C, C++, PASCAL, BASIC and several assembler dialects—Clemens spends most of his time on his computer while his wife, their two children and two cats try to attract his attention (only the cats succeed). Visit the author’s website: www.polyvalens.com.Authentic testimony of Hervé M., one of the first readers of the book:'I almost cried with joy when this book made me understand things in only three sentences that seemed previously completely impenetrable.'
This complete Arduino Uno-based microcontroller programming course features a textbook, a component kit, hands-on projects, and a comprehensive online course with simulations. It is ideal for step-by-step learning of embedded systems programming with Arduino using a practical, hands-on approach.
A Practical Introduction to Embedded Systems with the Arduino Uno
This course is designed for people who are new to embedded systems and looking for a structured, example-driven way to get started.
A kit of parts comprising LEDs and resistors, switches, sensors and actuators, displays, a breadboard and wires, and more is included. These are used in the course to illustrate example applications.
No prior experience with Arduino or embedded development is required. Each section features hands-on examples and mini projects designed to reinforce key concepts and inspire deeper exploration. By the end of the course, you’ll be able not only to reproduce the examples but also to build on them with your own ideas and applications.
What Will You Learn?
Microcontroller programming with Arduino using the Uno R3 board
Working with Digital I/O, read buttons and encoders, control LEDs and relays
Read analog inputs, voltages, and analog sensors
Generating analog output signals and PWM
Use serial communication like UART, I²C and SPI to control displays and read digital sensors and SD cards
Managing time
Working with interrupts
Real-time sensor input and control via buttons, LEDs, and displays
Control actuators like relays and servo motors
Who Is It For?
Students and self-learners exploring embedded systems
Makers and IoT enthusiasts looking to improve their hardware skills
Educators and trainers seeking ready-to-teach material
What's Inside the Box?
Access to the full course on the Elektor Academy Pro Learning Platform
Uno R3 microcontroller board + USB cable
Book: Programming Microcontrollers in C/C++ Using Arduino
Downloadable project files for every module
Component Box:
2× LED, red, 5 mm
LED, green, 5 mm
3× Resistor, 470 Ω, 0.25 W
LDR
Potentiometer, 10 kΩ, linear
Pushbutton
Rotary encoder module
Relay module
DHT22 Humidity & Temperature Sensor
TM1637-compatible 4-digit 7-segment display
MPU-6050 IMU with headers
SSD1306-compatible I²C OLED display
Micro SD card adapter with header
Buzzer
SG90 Micro Servo
ILI9341-compatible SPI 240×320 TFT display
20× Jumper wires
Breadboard
All Programming Courses (and differences in content)
Course
Arduino
Raspberry Pi Pico with Arduino C/C++
ESP32 with Arduino C/C++
Raspberry Pi Pico with MicroPython
ESP32 with MicroPython
Online Course
Access to Arduino Course
Access to Pico with Arduino C/C++ Course
Access to ESP32 with Arduino C/C++ Course
Access to Pico with MicroPython Course
Access to ESP32 with MicroPython Course
Board
Uno R3
Raspberry Pi Pico
ESP32
Raspberry Pi Pico
ESP32
Book
Programming Microcontrollers in C/C++ Using Arduino
Programming Microcontrollers in C/C++ Using Arduino
Programming Microcontrollers in C/C++ Using Arduino
Programming Microcontrollers in MicroPython
Programming Microcontrollers in MicroPython
Kit
40-piece Component Box
40-piece Component Box
40-piece Component Box
40-piece Component Box
40-piece Component Box
Programming and Projects for the Minima and WiFi
Based on the low-cost 8-bit ATmega328P processor, the Arduino Uno R3 board is likely to score as the most popular Arduino family member, and this workhorse has been with us for many years. Eleven years later, the long-overdue successor, the Arduino Uno R4, was released. It is built around a 48 MHz, 32-bit Arm Cortex-M4 microcontroller and provides significantly expanded SRAM and Flash memory. Additionally, a higher-precision ADC and a new DAC are added to the design. The Uno R4 board also supports the CAN Bus with an interface.
Two versions of the board are available: Uno R4 Minima, and Uno R4 WiFi. This book is about using these new boards to develop many different and interesting projects with just a handful of parts and external modules. All projects described in the book have been fully tested on the Uno R4 Minima or the Uno R4 WiFi board, as appropriate.
The project topics include the reading, control, and driving of many components and modules in the kit as well as on the relevant Uno R4 board, including
LEDs
7-segment displays (using timer interrupts)
LCDs
Sensors
RFID Reader
4x4 Keypad
Real-time clock (RTC)
Joystick
8×8 LED matrix
Motors
DAC (Digital-to-analog converter)
LED matrix
WiFi connectivity
Serial UART
CAN bus
Infrared controller and receiver
Simulators
… all in creative and educational ways with the project operation and associated software explained in great detail.
Programming and Projects for the Minima and WiFi
Based on the low-cost 8-bit ATmega328P processor, the Arduino Uno R3 board is likely to score as the most popular Arduino family member, and this workhorse has been with us for many years. Eleven years later, the long-overdue successor, the Arduino Uno R4, was released. It is built around a 48 MHz, 32-bit Arm Cortex-M4 microcontroller and provides significantly expanded SRAM and Flash memory. Additionally, a higher-precision ADC and a new DAC are added to the design. The Uno R4 board also supports the CAN Bus with an interface.
Two versions of the board are available: Uno R4 Minima, and Uno R4 WiFi. This book is about using these new boards to develop many different and interesting projects with just a handful of parts and external modules. All projects described in the book have been fully tested on the Uno R4 Minima or the Uno R4 WiFi board, as appropriate.
The project topics include the reading, control, and driving of many components and modules in the kit as well as on the relevant Uno R4 board, including
LEDs
7-segment displays (using timer interrupts)
LCDs
Sensors
RFID Reader
4x4 Keypad
Real-time clock (RTC)
Joystick
8×8 LED matrix
Motors
DAC (Digital-to-analog converter)
LED matrix
WiFi connectivity
Serial UART
CAN bus
Infrared controller and receiver
Simulators
… all in creative and educational ways with the project operation and associated software explained in great detail.
,
by Clemens Valens
Trying Out the Joy-it JT-PS1440-C 1.5 kW Power Supply (Review)
In today's high-powered world of e-bikes, electric scooters, and various other electronic vehicles, robust and adaptable power supplies are indispensable for motor testing and battery...