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A Guide to Powerful Programming for Embedded Systems You must be a well-rounded professional to excel in the ever-evolving, rapidly developing embedded design and programming industry. Simply put, when it comes to electronics design and programming, the more topics you can master, the more you’ll flourish at your workplace and at your personal workbench. This shouldn’t be a surprise, as the line between the skills of a hardware engineer and software engineer is blurring. The former should have a good grasp of programming in order to build efficient systems. The latter should understand the details of the design (whether it’s a physical or virtual application) for which he or she is writing code. Thus, to be successful, a modern professional electronics engineer must have a solid grasp of both hardware design and programming. Assembly Language Essentials is a matter-of-fact guide to Assembly that will introduce you to the most fundamental programming language of a processor. Unlike other resources about Assembly that focus exclusively on specific processors and platforms, this book uses the architecture of a fictional processor with its own hardware and instruction set. This enables you to consider the importance of Assembly language without having to deal with predetermined hardware or architectural restrictions. You’ll immediately find this thorough introduction to Assembly to be a valuable resource, whether you know nothing about the language or you have used it before. The only prerequisite is that you have a working knowledge of at least one higher-level programming language, such as C or Java. Assembly Language Essentials is an indispensible resource for electronics engineering professionals, academics, and advanced students looking to enhance their programming skills. The book provides the following, and more: An introduction to Assembly language and its functionality Significant definitions associated with Assembly language, as well as essential terminology pertaining to higher-level programming languages and computer architecture Important algorithms that may be built into high-level languages, but must be done the “hard way” in Assembly language — multiplication, division, and polynomial evaluation A presentation of Interrupt Service Routines with examples A free, downloadable Assembler program for experimenting with Assembly

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Design IoT Projects with Raspberry Pi, Arduino and ESP32 The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a major application area for embedded systems. As a result, more and more people are becoming interested in learning about embedded design and programming. Technical colleges and universities are moving away from legacy 8 and 16-bit microcontrollers and are introducing 32-bit embedded microcontrollers to their curriculums. Many IoT applications demand precision, high processing power, and low power consumption. Produced by IBM, Node-RED is an open-source visual editor for wiring the Internet of Things. Node-RED comes with a large number of nodes to handle a multitude of tasks. The required nodes are selected and joined together to perform a particular task. Node-RED is based on flow type programming where nodes are configured and joined together to form an application program. There are nodes for performing complex tasks, including web access, Twitter, E-mail, HTTP, Bluetooth, MQTT, controlling GPIO ports, etc. One particularly nice aspect of Node-RED is that the programmer does not need to learn how to write complex programs. For example, an email can be sent by simply joining nodes together and writing only a few lines of code. The aim of this book is to teach how Node-RED can be used in projects. The main hardware platform used with most of the projects in this book is Raspberry Pi 4. Chapters are included to show how Node-RED can be also be used with Arduino Uno, ESP32 DevKitC, and the ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller development boards.

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The field of digital electronics is central to modern technology. This e-book presents fundamental circuits using gates, flip-flops and counters from the CMOS 4000 Series. Each of the 50 experiments has a circuit diagram as well as a detailed illustration of the circuit’s construction on solderless breadboard. Learning these fundamentals is best done using practical experiments. Building these digital circuits will improve your knowledge and will be fun to boot. Many of the circuits presented here have practical real-life applications. With a good overview of the field, you’ll be well equipped to find simple and cost-effective solutions for any application. The e-book is targeted essentially at students, trainees and anyone with an interest in and requiring an introduction to digital control electronics. Moreover, the knowledge gleaned here is the foundation for further projects in the field of microcontrollers and programming.

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Menno van der Veen is well known for his research publications on tube amplifiers used in audio systems. In this book he describes one of his research projects which focuses on the question of whether full compensation for distortion in tubes and output transformers is possible. In the past, a variety of techniques have been developed. One of them has largely been forgotten: trans-conductance, which means converting current into voltage or voltage into current. Menno van der Veen has breathed new life into this technique with his research project titled “Trans”. This book discusses all aspects of this method and discusses its pitfalls. These pitfalls are addressed one by one. The end result is a set of stringent requirements for Trans amplifiers. Armed with these requirements, Menno then develops new Trans amplifiers, starting with Transie 1 and Transie 2. These DC-coupled, single-ended tube amplifiers have unusually good characteristics and are suitable for hobbyist construction. Next the Trans principle is applied to amplifiers with higher output power. A trial-and-error process ultimately leads to the Vanderveen Trans 30 amplifier, which optimizes the features of Trans. The characteristics of this amplifier are so special and unique that Menno believes he has struck gold. To ensure that variations in tube characteristics cannot interfere with optimal Trans behavior, Menno makes use of simulations and comparison with other amplifier types. This book reads like an adventure story, but it is much more – it is an account of solid research into new ways to achieve optimal audio reproduction.

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311 Circuits is the twelfth book in Elektor’s celebrated ‘300’ series. An immense source of inspiration for all electronics enthusiasts and professionals, this book deserves a place not far from the workbench. This book contains circuits, design ideas, tips and tricks from all areas of electronics: audio & video, computers & microcontrollers, radio, hobby & modelling, home & garden, power supplies & batteries, test & measurement, software, not forgetting a section ‘miscellaneous’ for everything that doesn’t fit in one of the other categories. 311 Circuits presents complete solutions for numerous problems, as well as starting points for your own creations. 311 Circuits has been compiled from the 2009, 2010 and 2011 ‘Summer Circuits’ double editions of Elektor magazine. The book is mostly based on readers’ contributions, supplemented by circuits engineered and developed in the Elektor Labs.

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The Raspberry Pi is a $35 credit-card sized computer with many applications, such as in desktop computing, audio and video playback, and as a controller in many industrial, commercial and domestic applications. This book is about the Raspberry Pi computer and its use in control applications. The book explains in simple terms, with examples, how to configure the RPi, how to install and use the Linux operating system, how to write programs using the Python programming language and how to develop hardware based projects. The book starts with an introduction to the Raspberry Pi computer and covers the topics of purchasing all the necessary equipment and installing/using the Linux operating system in command mode. Use of the user-friendly graphical desktop operating environment is explained using example applications. The RPi network interface is explained in simple steps and demonstrates how the computer can be accessed remotely from a desktop or a laptop computer. The remaining parts of the book cover the Python programming language, hardware development tools, hardware interface details, and RPi based hardware projects. All the 23 projects given in the book have been tested and are working. The following headings are given for each project: Project title Project description Project block diagram Project circuit diagram Project program description using the Program Description Language (PDL) Complete program listing Description of the program The book is ideal for self-study, and is intended for electronic/electrical engineering students, practising engineers, research students, and hobbyists.

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An Introduction to RISC-V RISC-V is an Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) that is both free and open. This means that the RISC-V ISA itself does not require a licensing fee, although individual implementations may do so. The RISC-V ISA is curated by a non-profit foundation with no commercial interest in products or services that use it, and it is possible for anyone to submit contributions to the RISC-V specifications. The RISC-V ISA is suitable for applications ranging from embedded microcontrollers to supercomputers. This book will first describe the 32-bit RISC-V ISA, including both the base instruction set as well as the majority of the currently-defined extensions. The book will then describe, in detail, an open-source implementation of the ISA that is intended for embedded control applications. This implementation includes the base instruction set as well as a number of standard extensions. After the description of the CPU design is complete the design is expanded to include memory and some simple I/O. The resulting microcontroller will then be implemented in an affordable FPGA development board (available from Elektor) along with a simple software application so that the reader can investigate the finished design.

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Quite unintentionally a one-page story on an old Heathkit tube tester in the December 2004 edition of Elektor magazine spawned dozens of ‘Retronics’ tales appearing with a monthly cadence, and attracting a steady flow of reader feedback and contributions to the series. Since launching his Retronics columns, Elektor Editor Jan Buiting has never been short of copy to print, or vintage equipment to marvel at. This book is a compilation of about 80 Retronics installments published between 2004 and 2012. The stories cover vintage test equipment, prehistoric computers, long forgotten components, and Elektor blockbuster projects, all aiming to make engineers smile, sit up, object, drool, or experience a whiff of nostalgia. To reflect that our memories are constantly playing tricks on us, and honoring that “one man’s rubbish is another man’s gem”, the tales in the book purposely have no chronological order, and no bias in favor of transistor or tube, microprocessor or discrete part, audio or RF, DIY or professional, dry or narrative style. Although vastly diff erent in subject matter, all tales in the book are told with personal gusto because Retronics is about sentiment in electronics engineering, construction and repair, be it to reminisce about a 1960s Tektronix scope with a cleaning lady as a feature, or a 1928 PanSanitor box for dubious medical use. Owners of this book are advised to not exceed one Retronics tale per working day, preferably consumed in the evening hours under lamp light, in a comfortable chair, with a piece of vintage electronic equipment close and powered up.

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Understanding and Using Them Effectively What happens in electronics is invisible to the naked eye. The instrument that allows to accurately visualize electrical signals, the one through which the effects of electronics become apparent to us, is the oscilloscope. Alas, when one first ventures into electronics, it is often without an oscilloscope. And one is left fumbling, both physically and mentally. Observing an electrical signal on a screen for the first time is a revelation. Nobody wishes to forgo that marvel again. There is no turning back. In electronics, if one wishes to progress with both enjoyment and understanding, an oscilloscope is essential. This marks the beginning of a period of questioning: how to choose one? And no sooner is that question answered than a whole string of others arises, which can be summed up in just one: how does one use the oscilloscope in such a way that what it displays truly reflects the reality of the signals? Rémy Mallard is a passionate communicator with a gift for making complex technical subjects understandable and engaging. In this book, he provides clear answers to essential questions about using an oscilloscope and offers a wealth of guidance to help readers explore and understand the electrical signals behind electronic systems. With his accessible style and practical insights, this book is a valuable tool for anyone eager to deepen their understanding of electronics.

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An Ultra-Rapid Programming Course This book serves as the very first step to for novices to learn Python programming. The book is divided into ten chapters. In the first chapter, readers are introduced to the basics of Python. It has the detailed instructions for installation on various platforms such as macOS, Windows, FreeBSD, and Linux. It also covers the other aspects of Python programming such as IDEs and Package Manager. The second chapter is where the readers get an opportunity to have a detailed hands-on with Python programming. It covers a group of built-in data structures popularly known as Python Collections. The third chapter covers the important concepts of strings, functions, and recursion. The fourth chapter focuses on the Object-Oriented Programming with Python. The fifth chapter discusses most commonly used custom data structures such as stack and queue. The sixth chapter spurs the creativity of the readers with Python’s Turtle graphics library. The seventh chapter explores animations and game development using the Pygame library. The eighth chapter covers handling data stored in a variety of file formats. The ninth chapter covers the area of Image processing with Wand library in Python. The tenth and the final chapter presents an array of assorted handy topics in Python. The entire book follows a step-by-step approach. The explanation of the topic is always followed by a detailed code example. The code examples are also explained in suitable detail and they are followed by the output in the form of text or screenshot wherever possible. Readers will become comfortable with Python programming language by closely following the concepts and the code examples in this book. The book also has references to external resources for readers to explore further. A download of the software code, and links to tutorial videos can be found on the Elektor website.

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Functionality, structure and handling of a power module For readers with first steps in power management the “Abc of Power Modules” contains the basic principles necessary for the selection and use of a power module. The book describes the technical relationships and parameters related to power modules and the basis for calculation and measurement techniques. Contents Basics This chapter describes the need of a DC/DC voltage converter and its basic functionality. Furthermore, various possibilities for realizing a voltage regulator are presented and the essential advantages of a power module are mentioned. Circuit topologies Circuit concepts, buck and boost topologies very frequently used with power modules are explained in detail and further circuit topologies are introduced. Technology, construction and regulation technology The mechanical construction of a power module is presented, which has a significant influence on EMC and thermal performance. Furthermore, control methods are explained and circuit design tips are provided in this chapter. Measuring methods Meaningful measurement results are absolutely necessary to assess a power module. The relevant measurement points and measurement methods are described in this chapter. Handling The aspects of storage and handling of power modules are explained, as well as their manufacturing and soldering processes. Selection of a power modules Important parameters and criteria for the optimal selection of a power module are presented in this section.

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310 Circuits – is the 11th volume in Elektor’s renowned ‘Three Hundred’ series. 310 circuits, tips and design ideas in one book form a treasure trove for every area of electronics: audio and video, hobby and modelling, RF techniques, home and garden, test and measurement, microcontrollers, computer hardware and software, power supplies and chargers – plus of course everything else that does not seem to belong in any of these categories. 310 Circuits – contains many complete solutions as well as useful starting points for your own projects. Both categories and anything in between represent a veritable fountain of inspiration for cultivating your own ideas and learning about electronics. 310 Circuits – is a compilation of articles from ‘Summer Circuits’ editions for the years 2006, 2007 and 2008. ‘Summer Circuits’ covers the publication months July and August of Elektor magazine. 310 Circuits – is a must-have book for every creative electronics enthusiast, be it professional, enthusiast or student. 310 Circuits – for the first time has a section exclusively on robots and robotics.

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