An Introduction to RISC-V RISC-V is an Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) that is both free and open. This means that the RISC-V ISA itself does not require a licensing fee, although individual implementations may do so. The RISC-V ISA is curated by a non-profit foundation with no commercial interest in products or services that use it, and it is possible for anyone to submit contributions to the RISC-V specifications. The RISC-V ISA is suitable for applications ranging from embedded microcontrollers to supercomputers. This book will first describe the 32-bit RISC-V ISA, including both the base instruction set as well as the majority of the currently-defined extensions. The book will then describe, in detail, an open-source implementation of the ISA that is intended for embedded control applications. This implementation includes the base instruction set as well as a number of standard extensions. After the description of the CPU design is complete the design is expanded to include memory and some simple I/O. The resulting microcontroller will then be implemented in an affordable FPGA development board (available from Elektor) along with a simple software application so that the reader can investigate the finished design.

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The author Stephan Menzel provides an introduction into capacitor technology and describes the wide range of capacitor types with their properties and parameters. Basic principles This chapter imparts basic knowledge on the relationships between the electric field, permittivity, as well as the structure and operating principles of a capacitor. Capacitor characteristics The electrical parameters and essential characteristics of a capacitor are explained in greater detail for the reader. This extends from the actual capacitance of a capacitor through to the interdependencies. Capacitor types Existing capacitor types and their characteristics are presented. Film, electrolyte and ceramic capacitors are considered in detail.

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Contents Basic principles A connector is an electromechanical system that provides a separable connection between two subsystems of an electronic device without an unacceptable effect on the performance of the device. It will be shown that there are a lot of complex parameters to handle properly to make this statement true. Design / Selection / Assembly This chapter provides an overview of design and material requirements for contact finishes, contact springs and connector housings as well as the major degradation mechanisms for these connector components. To complete this chapter, material selection criteria for each will also be reviewed. Additionally the Level of Interconnection (LOI) was integrated into this chapter as it addresses, where the connector is used within an electronic system and therefore influences the requirements and durability of the connector depending on its use. Applications This chapter is heading to the practical work and shows how customers use connectors in their applications to offer some possibilities and to ease your daily work. Additionally it contains some special topics like tin-whisker or impedance of ZIF cable to offer you extended background knowledge.

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Design Guide for EMI Filter Design, SMPS & RF Circuits The book focuses on the selection of components, circuitry and layout recommendations for a wide array of magnetics components, always keeping in mind an EMC point of view. Contents Basic principles The most important laws and foundations of inductive components, equivalent circuit diagrams and simulation models give the reader a basic knowledge of electronics. Components This chapter introduces inductive components and their special properties and areas of use. All relevant components are explained, from EMC components and inductors to transformers, RF components, circuit protection components, shielding materials and capacitors. Applications In this chapter, the reader will find a comprehensive overview of the principle of filter circuits, circuitry and numerous industrial applications that are explained in detail based on original examples.

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Functionality, structure and handling of a power module For readers with first steps in power management the “Abc of Power Modules” contains the basic principles necessary for the selection and use of a power module. The book describes the technical relationships and parameters related to power modules and the basis for calculation and measurement techniques. Contents Basics This chapter describes the need of a DC/DC voltage converter and its basic functionality. Furthermore, various possibilities for realizing a voltage regulator are presented and the essential advantages of a power module are mentioned. Circuit topologies Circuit concepts, buck and boost topologies very frequently used with power modules are explained in detail and further circuit topologies are introduced. Technology, construction and regulation technology The mechanical construction of a power module is presented, which has a significant influence on EMC and thermal performance. Furthermore, control methods are explained and circuit design tips are provided in this chapter. Measuring methods Meaningful measurement results are absolutely necessary to assess a power module. The relevant measurement points and measurement methods are described in this chapter. Handling The aspects of storage and handling of power modules are explained, as well as their manufacturing and soldering processes. Selection of a power modules Important parameters and criteria for the optimal selection of a power module are presented in this section.

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Build your own AI microcontroller applications from scratch The MAX78000FTHR from Maxim Integrated is a small development board based on the MAX78000 MCU. The main usage of this board is in artificial intelligence applications (AI) which generally require large amounts of processing power and memory. It marries an Arm Cortex-M4 processor with a floating-point unit (FPU), convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerator, and RISC-V core into a single device. It is designed for ultra-low power consumption, making it ideal for many portable AI-based applications. This book is project-based and aims to teach the basic features of the MAX78000FTHR. It demonstrates how it can be used in various classical and AI-based projects. Each project is described in detail and complete program listings are provided. Readers should be able to use the projects as they are, or modify them to suit their applications. This book covers the following features of the MAX78000FTHR microcontroller development board: Onboard LEDs and buttons External LEDs and buttons Using analog-to-digital converters I²C projects SPI projects UART projects External interrupts and timer interrupts Using the onboard microphone Using the onboard camera Convolutional Neural Network

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Build your own AI microcontroller applications from scratch The MAX78000FTHR from Maxim Integrated is a small development board based on the MAX78000 MCU. The main usage of this board is in artificial intelligence applications (AI) which generally require large amounts of processing power and memory. It marries an Arm Cortex-M4 processor with a floating-point unit (FPU), convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerator, and RISC-V core into a single device. It is designed for ultra-low power consumption, making it ideal for many portable AI-based applications. This book is project-based and aims to teach the basic features of the MAX78000FTHR. It demonstrates how it can be used in various classical and AI-based projects. Each project is described in detail and complete program listings are provided. Readers should be able to use the projects as they are, or modify them to suit their applications. This book covers the following features of the MAX78000FTHR microcontroller development board: Onboard LEDs and buttons External LEDs and buttons Using analog-to-digital converters I²C projects SPI projects UART projects External interrupts and timer interrupts Using the onboard microphone Using the onboard camera Convolutional Neural Network

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A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware A manual providing up-to-date hardware information for the Arduino Mega 2560. The Arduino Mega 2560 is an upgrade to the popular Arduino Uno board, providing more pins, serial ports and memory. Arduino is the easy to use open-source electronics platform used by hobbyists, makers, hackers, experimenters, educators and professionals. Get all the information that you need on the hardware and firmware found on Arduino Mega 2560 boards in this handy reference and user guide. Ideal for the workbench or desktop. This manual covers the Arduino Mega 2560 hardware and firmware, and is a companion volume to the Ultimate Arduino Uno Hardware Manual, which covers the Arduino Uno hardware and firmware. Contains all of the Arduino Mega 2560 hardware information in one place Covers Arduino / Genuino Mega 2560 revision 3 and earlier boards Easily find hardware technical specifications with explanations Pin reference chapter with interfacing examples Diagrams and illustrations for easy reference to pin functions and hardware connections Learn to back up and restore firmware on the board, or load new firmware Basic fault finding and repair procedures for Arduino Mega 2560 boards Power supply circuits simplified and explained Mechanical dimensions split into five easy to reference diagrams Contains circuit diagrams, parts list and board layout to easily locate components A chapter on shield compatibility explains how shields work across different Arduino boards

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Specifications Dual ARM Cortex-M0+ @ 133 MHz 264 kB on-chip SRAM in six independent banks Support for up to 16 MB of off-chip Flash memory via dedicated QSPI bus DMA controller Fully-connected AHB crossbar Interpolator and integer divider peripherals On-chip programmable LDO to generate core voltage 2x on-chip PLLs to generate USB and core clocks 30x GPIO pins, 4 of which can be used as analogue inputs Peripherals 2x UARTs 2x SPI controllers 2x I²C controllers 16x PWM channels USB 1.1 controller and PHY, with host and device support 8x PIO state machines What you'll get 10x bare RP2040 chips

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Develop your own custom home automation devices Espressif's ESP8266 and ESP32 microcontrollers have brought DIY home automation to the masses. However, not everyone is fluent in programming these microcontrollers with Espressif's C/C++ SDK, the Arduino core, or MicroPython. This is where ESPHome comes into its own: with this project, you don’t program your microcontroller but configure it. This book demonstrates how to create your own home automation devices with ESPHome on an ESP32 microcontroller board. You’ll learn how to combine all kinds of electronic components and automate complex behaviours. Your devices can work completely autonomously, and connect over Wi-Fi to your home automation gateways such as Home Assistant or MQTT broker. By the end of this book, you will be able to create your own custom home automation devices the way you want. Thanks to ESPHome and the ESP32, this is within everyone’s grasp. Set up an ESPHome development environment and create maintainable configurations Use buttons and LEDs Sound a buzzer and play melodies Read measurements from various types of sensors Communicate over a short distance with NFC, infrared light, and Bluetooth Low Energy Show information on various types of displays Downloads Software

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Projects with Thonny-IDE, uPyCraft-IDE, and ESP32 The 'Python' programming language has enjoyed an enormous upswing in recent years. Not least, various single-board systems such as the Raspberry Pi have contributed to its popularity. But Python has also found widespread use in other fields, such as artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML). It is obvious, therefore, to use Python or the 'MicroPython' variant for use in SoCs (Systems on Chip) as well. Powerful controllers such as the ESP32 from Espressif Systems offer excellent performance as well as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionality at an affordable price. With these features, the Maker scene has been taken by storm. Compared to other controllers, the ESP32 has a significantly larger flash and SRAM memory, as well as a much higher CPU speed. Due to these characteristics, the chip is not only suitable for classic C applications, but also for programming with MicroPython. This book introduces the application of modern one-chip systems. In addition to the technical background, the focus is on MicroPython itself. After the introduction to the language, the programming skills learned are immediately put into practice. The individual projects are suitable for use in the laboratory as well as for everyday applications. So, in addition to the actual learning effect, the focus is also on the joy of building complete and useful devices. By using laboratory breadboards, circuits of all kinds can be realized with little effort, turning the testing and debugging of the 100% homebrew projects into an instructive pleasure. The various applications, such as weather stations, digital voltmeters, ultrasound range finders, RFID card readers or function generators, make the projects presented ideally suited for practical courses or subject and study work in the natural sciences, or in science and technology classes.

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The SDS1000X-U series employs SPO (Super Phosphor Oscilloscope) technology that provides excellent signal fidelity and performance. It comes with an innovative digital trigger system with high sensitivity and low jitter, and a waveform capture rate of 400,000 frames/sec (sequence mode). The SDS1000X U also employs a 256 level intensity grading display function and a color temperature display mode not found in other models in this class. Another powerful addition is the new 128 k point FFT math function that gives the SDS1000X-U a very high-frequency resolution when observing signal spectra. SDS1000X-U also supports searching and navigating. The features and performance of SIGLENT’s new SDS1000X-U cannot be matched anywhere else in this price class. Features 100 MHz bandwidth Real-time sampling rate up to 1 GSa/s The newest generation of SPO technology Waveform capture rates up to 100,000 wfm/s (normal mode) and 400,000 wfm/s (sequence mode) Supports 256-level intensity grading and color temperature display modes Record length up to 14 Mpts Digital trigger system Intelligent trigger: Edge, Slope, Pulse Width, Window, Runt, Interval, Time out (Dropout), Pattern Serial bus triggering and decoding (Standard), supports protocols I²C, SPI, UART, CAN, LIN Video trigger, supports HDTV 10 types of one-button shortcuts, supports Auto Setup, Default, Cursors, Measure, Roll, History, Display/Persist, Clear Sweep, Zoom and Print Segmented acquisition (Sequence) mode, divides the maximum record length into multiple segments (up to 80,000), according to trigger conditions set by the user Automatic measurement function for 38 parameters as well as Measurement Statistics, Zoom, Gating, Math, History and Reference functions History waveform record (History) function (maximum recorded waveform length is 80,000 frames) 128 k pts FFT, supports Peaks and Markers Math functions (FFT, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, integration, differential, square root) Large 7 inch TFT LCD display with 800 x 480 resolution Downloads Datasheet Manual Programming Guide

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Oscilloscope, multimeter and waveform generator in the same battery-powered device, to work on the go. Features Oscilloscope + multimeter + waveform generator, multifunction in one 3.5-inch high-resolution, high-contrast colour LCD display, suitable for outdoor use 18650 lithium battery, comprehensive power consumption ≤3 W, can work continuously for about 6 hours USB-C interface, support power bank, support PC software connection Self-calibration function SCPI supported, facilitate secondary development Specifications Oscilloscope Bandwidth 70 MHz Channels 2-ch Oscilloscope + 1-ch Generator Sample Rate 250 MSa/s Acquisition Model Normal, Peak detect Record Length 8K Display 3.5-inch LCD Waveform Refresh Rate 10,000 wfrms/s Input Coupling DC, AC, and Ground Input Impedance 1 MΩ ±2%, in parallel with 16pF±10pF Probe Attenuation Factors 1X,10X,100X,1000X,10000X Max. input Voltage 400 V (DC+AC, PK-PK, 1MΩ input impedance) (10:1 probe attenuation) Bandwidth Limit (typical) 20 MHz Horizontal Scale 5 ns/div - 1000 s/div, step by 1 - 2 - 5 Vertical Sensitivity 10 mV/div - 10 V/div Vertical Resolution 8 bits Trigger Type Edge Trigger Modes Auto, Normal, single Automatic Measurement Period, Frequency, Mean, PK-PK, Max, Min Cursor Measurement ΔV, ΔT, ΔT& ΔV between cursors Communication Interface USB Type-C Multimeter Max. Resolution 20,000 counts Testing Mode Voltage, Current, Resistance, Capacitance, Diode, and Continuity test Input Impedance 10 MΩ Max Input Voltage AC: 750 V | DC: 1000 V Max Input Current DC: 10 A | AC: 10 A Diode 0-2 V Waveform Generator Frequency Output Sine 0.1 Hz - 25 MHz Square 0.1 Hz - 5 MHz Ramp 0.1 Hz - 1 MHz Pulse 0.1 Hz - 5 MHz Arbitrary 0.1 Hz - 5 MHz Sampling Rate 125 MSa/s Channel 1-ch Amplitude Range 20 mVpp - 5 Vpp Waveform Length 8K Vertical Resolution 14 bits Output Impedance 50Ω Downloads User Manual for HDS200 Series SCPI Protocol for HDS200 Series Quick Guide for HDS200 Series PC Software for OWON HDS200 Series

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The OWON XDM1041 is a fast, high-precision digital True RMS benchtop multimeter with a high-resolution 3.5-inch LCD and 50,000 counts. Its DC voltage accuracy is up to 0.05% and it can measure up to 65 values per second. Features 3.5“ high-resolution LCD (480x320 pixels) 55000 counts, DC voltage accuracy up to 0.05% Up to 65 readings per second Dual line display supported Trend analysis accessible in chart mode AC True RMS measurements (bandwidth: 20 Hz – 1 kHz) SCPI support: Remote control the multimeter through PC software via USB port Data record function, you can record the measured data into internal memory, and then read and process the recorded data with your computer. Specifications Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy DC Voltage 50.000 mV 0.001 mV 0.1% +10 500.00 mV 0.01 mV 0.05% +5 5.0000 V 0.0001 V 0.05% +5 50.000 V 0.001 V 0.05% +5 500.00 V 0.01 V 0.1% +5 1000.0 V 0.1 V 0.1% +10 AC Voltage 500 mV～750 V 20 Hz～45 Hz 1% +30 45 Hz～65 Hz 0.5% +30 65 Hz～1 KHz 0.7% +30 DC Current 500 uA 0.01 uA 0.15% +20 5000 uA 0.1 uA 0.15% +10 50 mA 0.001 mA 0.15% +20 500 mA 0.01 mA 0.15% +10 5 A 0.0001 A 0.5% +10 10 A 0.001 A 0.5% +10 AC Current 500 uA～500 mA 20 Hz～1 KHz 0.5% +20 5 A-10 A 1.5% +20 Resistance 500 Ω 0.01 Ω 0.15% +10 5 KΩ 0.0001 KΩ 0.15% +5 50 KΩ 0.001 KΩ 0.15% +5 500 KΩ 0.01 KΩ 0.15% +5 5 MΩ 0.0001 MΩ 0.3% +5 50 MΩ 0.001 MΩ 1% +10 Frequency 10.000 Hz～60 MHz / ±(0.2% +10) Capacitance 50 nF～500 uF / 2.5% +10 5 mF～50 mF 5% +10 Diode 3.0000 V 0.0001 V / Continuity 1000 Ω 0.1 Ω Adjustable threshold Temperature K type, PT100 Max Display 55,000 counts Data-logging Function Logging Duration 15ms～9999.999s Logging Length 1,000 points Display 3.5“ TFT LCD (480x320 pixels) Power supply 230 V AC mains voltage Dimensions 200 x 88 x 150 mm Weight approx. 0.5 kg Included 1x OWON XDM1041 Multimeter 1x Power cord 2x Test leads 1x Fuse 1x USB cable 1x Manual Downloads Programming Manual PC Software

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Develop innovative hardware-based projects in C The Raspberry Pi has traditionally been programmed using Python. Although this is a very powerful language, many programmers may not be familiar with it. C on the other hand is perhaps the most commonly used programming language and all embedded microcontrollers can be programmed using it. The C language is taught in most technical colleges and universities and almost all engineering students are familiar with using it with their projects. This book is about using the Raspberry Pi with C to develop a range of hardware-based projects. Two of the most popular C libraries, wiringPi and pigpio are used. The book starts with an introduction to C and most students and newcomers will find this chapter invaluable. Many projects are provided in the book, including using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth to establish communication with smartphones. Many sensor and hardware-based projects are included. Both wiringPi and pigpio libraries are used in all projects. Complete program listings are given with full explanations. All projects have been fully tested and work. The following hardware-based projects are provided in the book: Using sensors Using LCDs I²C and SPI buses Serial communication Multitasking External and timer interrupts Using Wi-Fi Webservers Communicating with smartphones Using Bluetooth Sending data to the cloud Program listings of all Raspberry Pi projects developed in this book are available on the Elektor website. Readers can download and use these programs in their projects. Alternatively, they can customize them to suit their applications.

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A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Uno Hardware and Firmware A manual providing up-to-date hardware information for the popular Arduino Uno, the easy to use open-source electronics platform used by hobbyists, makers, hackers, experimenters, educators and professionals. Get all the information that you need on the hardware and firmware found on Arduino Uno boards in this handy reference and user guide. ldeal for the workbench or desktop Contains all of the Arduino Uno hardware information in one place Covers Arduino / Genuino Uno revision 3 and earlier boards Easily find hardware technical specifications with explanations Pin reference chapter with interfacing examples Diagrams and illustrations for easy reference to alternate pin functions and hardware connections Learn to back up and restore firmware on the board, or load new firmware Basic fault finding and repair procedures for Arduino Uno boards Power supply circuits simplified and explained Mechanical dimensions split into five easy to reference diagrams Contains circuit diagrams, parts list and board layout reference to easily locate components

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Program, build, and master over 50 projects with MicroPython and the RP2040 microprocessor The Raspberry Pi Pico is a high-performance microcontroller module designed especially for physical computing. Microcontrollers differ from single-board computers, like the Raspberry Pi 4, in not having an operating system. The Raspberry Pi Pico can be programmed to run a single task very efficiently within real-time control and monitoring applications requiring speed. The ‘Pico’ as we call it, is based on the fast, efficient, and low-cost dual-core ARM Cortex-M0+ RP2040 microcontroller chip running at up to 133 MHz and sporting 264 KB of SRAM, and 2 MB of Flash memory. Besides its large memory, the Pico has even more attractive features including a vast number of GPIO pins, and popular interface modules like ADC, SPI, I²C, UART, and PWM. To cap it all, the chip offers fast and accurate timing modules, a hardware debug interface, and an internal temperature sensor. The Raspberry Pi Pico is easily programmed using popular high-level languages such as MicroPython and or C/C++. This book is an introduction to using the Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller in conjunction with the MicroPython programming language. The Thonny development environment (IDE) is used in all the projects described. There are over 50 working and tested projects in the book, covering the following topics: Installing the MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico using a Raspberry Pi or a PC Timer interrupts and external interrupts Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) projects Using the internal temperature sensor and external temperature sensor chips Datalogging projects PWM, UART, I²C, and SPI projects Using Wi-Fi and apps to communicate with smartphones Using Bluetooth and apps to communicate with smartphones Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) projects All projects given in the book have been fully tested and are working. Only basic programming and electronics experience is required to follow the projects. Brief descriptions, block diagrams, detailed circuit diagrams, and full MicroPython program listings are given for all projects described. Readers can find the program listings on the Elektor web page created to support the book.

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Program, build, and master over 50 projects with MicroPython and the RP2040 microprocessor The Raspberry Pi Pico is a high-performance microcontroller module designed especially for physical computing. Microcontrollers differ from single-board computers, like the Raspberry Pi 4, in not having an operating system. The Raspberry Pi Pico can be programmed to run a single task very efficiently within real-time control and monitoring applications requiring speed. The ‘Pico’ as we call it, is based on the fast, efficient, and low-cost dual-core ARM Cortex-M0+ RP2040 microcontroller chip running at up to 133 MHz and sporting 264 KB of SRAM, and 2 MB of Flash memory. Besides its large memory, the Pico has even more attractive features including a vast number of GPIO pins, and popular interface modules like ADC, SPI, I²C, UART, and PWM. To cap it all, the chip offers fast and accurate timing modules, a hardware debug interface, and an internal temperature sensor. The Raspberry Pi Pico is easily programmed using popular high-level languages such as MicroPython and or C/C++. This book is an introduction to using the Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller in conjunction with the MicroPython programming language. The Thonny development environment (IDE) is used in all the projects described. There are over 50 working and tested projects in the book, covering the following topics: Installing the MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico using a Raspberry Pi or a PC Timer interrupts and external interrupts Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) projects Using the internal temperature sensor and external temperature sensor chips Datalogging projects PWM, UART, I²C, and SPI projects Using Wi-Fi and apps to communicate with smartphones Using Bluetooth and apps to communicate with smartphones Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) projects All projects given in the book have been fully tested and are working. Only basic programming and electronics experience is required to follow the projects. Brief descriptions, block diagrams, detailed circuit diagrams, and full MicroPython program listings are given for all projects described. Readers can find the program listings on the Elektor web page created to support the book.

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Learn to program displays and GUIs with Python This book is about Raspberry Pi 4 display projects. The book starts by explaining how to install the latest Raspbian operating system on an SD card, and how to configure and use the GPIO ports. The core of the book explains the following topics in simple terms with fully tested and working example projects: Simple LED projects Bar graph LED projects Matrix LED projects Bitmap LED projects LED strips LCDs OLED displays E-paper displays TFT displays 7-inch touch screen GUI Programming with Tkinder One unique feature of this book is that it covers almost all types of display that readers will need to use in their Raspberry Pi based projects. The operation of each project is fully given, including block diagrams, circuit diagrams, and commented full program listings. It is therefore an easy task to convert the given projects to run on other popular platforms, such as Arduino or PIC microcontrollers. Python program listings of all Raspberry Pi projects developed in this book are available for download at Elektor.com. Readers can use these programs in their projects. Alternatively, they can modify the programs to suit their applications.

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