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Modular and Scalable Control Systems Using Structured Text This book offers a structured and practical approach to modern PLC development using object-oriented principles. It is a guide for engineers, programmers, and students seeking to harness the power of object-oriented programming (OOP) in the context of industrial automation with PLCs. The content focuses on the CODESYS development environment and Structured Text (ST), both of which support modern programming techniques while maintaining compatibility with real-time automation requirements. Through step-by-step demos and instructional examples, it demonstrates how modular, reusable code can enhance development efficiency, simplify ongoing maintenance, and enable scalable and flexible control system architectures. Key topics include: Structured Text fundamentals: conditions, loops, arrays, and functions Object-oriented concepts: classes, methods, and inheritance Advanced techniques: polymorphism, interfaces, and access control Modular design with reusable components and structured program flow Implementation of finite state machines and scalable application design Built around instructional demos and clear explanations, this book helps readers develop maintainable and modern control software in the CODESYS environment using proven programming techniques.

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Buch: Logic Analyzer im Einsatz Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitungen führen Sie in die Analyse moderner Protokolle von I²C, SPI, UART, RS-232, NeoPixel, WS28xx, HD44780 und 1-Wire ein. Anhand von zahlreichen Experimentierschaltungen mit dem Raspberry Pi Pico, Arduino Uno und dem Bus Pirate üben Sie die praxisnahe Anwendung gängiger USB-Logikanalysatoren ein. Alle in diesem Buch vorgestellten Experimentierschaltungen wurden vollständig getestet und sind funktionsfähig. Die notwendigen Programmlistings sind enthalten, es sind keine besonderen Programmier- oder Elektronikkenntnisse für diese Schaltungen notwendig. Es werden die Programmiersprachen MicroPython und C mit den Entwicklungsumgebungen Thonny und Arduino IDE eingesetzt. Dieses Buch verwendet mehrere Modelle flexibler und weit verbreiteter USB-Logikanalysatoren und zeigt die Stärken und Schwächen jeder Preisklasse. Sie werden kennenlernen, welche Kriterien für Ihre Arbeit wichtig sind und in der Lage sein, das für Sie passende Gerät zu finden. Egal ob Arduino, Raspberry Pi oder Raspberry Pi Pico: Die abgebildeten Beispielschaltungen ermöglichen einen schnellen Start in die Protokollanalyse und können auch als Grundlage für eigene weitere Experimente dienen. Sie werden alle wichtigen Begriffe und Zusammenhänge kennenlernen, eigene Experimente durchführen, selbstständig Protokolle analysieren und nach der Lektüre dieses Buches – im Bereich der digitalen Signale und Protokolle – ein umfassendes Wissen aufgebaut haben. USB Logic Analyzer (8 Kanäle, 24 MHz) Dieser USB Logic Analyzer ist ein 8-Kanal-Logikanalysator, bei dem jeder Eingang doppelt für die analoge Datenaufzeichnung dient. Es eignet sich perfekt zum Debuggen und Analysieren von Signalen wie I²C, UART, SPI, CAN und 1-Wire. Dabei wird ein digitaler Eingang, der mit einem zu testenden Gerät (DUT) verbunden ist, mit einer hohen Abtastrate abgetastet. Die Verbindung zum PC erfolgt via USB. Technische Daten Kanäle 8 digitale Kanäle Maximale Abtastrate 24 MHz Maximale Eingangsspannung 0 V ~ 5 V Betriebstemperatur 0°C ~ 70°C Eingangsimpedanz 1 MΩ || 10 pF Unterstützte Protokolle I²C, SPI, UART, CAN, 1-Wire etc. PC-Verbindung USB Abmessungen 55 x 28 x 14 mm Downloads Software Dieses Bundle enthält: Buch: Logic Analyzer im Einsatz (Einzelpreis: 40 €) USB Logic Analyzer (8 Kanäle, 24 MHz) (Einzelpreis: 20 €) USB-Kabel Jumper Wire Ribbon Kabel

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SPD3000X Series Linear Programmable DC Power Supply has a 4.3 inches TFT LCD display, Supports Programmability and Real Time Wave Display, bringing a new experience to users. It has three isolated outputs: two adjustable channels and one selectable channel from 2.5V, 3.3V, and 5V. It also has output short and overload protect function, and can be used in production and development. Features 3 independent controlled and isolated output, 32V/3.2A×2, 2.5V/3.3V/5V/3.2A×1, total 220W. 5 digits Voltage, 4 digits Current Display, Minimum Resolution: 1mV/1mA. Supports panel timing output functions. 4.3 inch true color TFT LCD 480x272 pixel display. 3 kinds of output modes: independent, series, parallel. 100V/120V/220V/230V compatible design to meet the needs of different power grids. Intelligent temperature-controlled fan, effectively reducing noise. Clear graphical interface, with the waveform display function Internal 5 groups of system parameter save/recall, supports data storage space expansion. Provides PC software: Easypower, supports SCPI, LabVIEW driver. High-resolution and high-precision output The highest resolution of 1mV/1mA, provides excellent setting and read back accuracy. This ensures accurate output even with very with small changes in voltage or current. This is impossible for a low resolution power supply. Series/parallel/independent mode function Series and parallel function allows two channels combined into one output with more power output capability, extending the application range. Each of 3 channels power can be turned on or off independently and also can be turned all on or all off. Panel displays the timing output Through the panel operation, 5 groups of timing settings and output control can be displayed, which provides users a simple power programming function. Also a connection can be made with Siglent’s EasyPower PC software providing a full range of communication and control requirements. Save/Recall setting parameters SPD3000X series programmable power supply can save or recall 5 groups of setting parameter in internal storage, also supports external storage expansion. You can easily obtain the settings you needed.

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The Siglent SPD4121X is a 4-channel DC Linear Programmable Power Supply equipped with a 4.3-inch TFT-LCD display, friendly human-machine interface, and excellent performance indicators. Real-time waveform display provides engineers with an informative user interface. SPD4121X offers a total output power of 285 W with a resolution of 1 mV/1 mA. The maximum voltage and current for each channel are as follows: CH1: 15 V/1.5 A CH2: 12 V/10 A CH3: 12 V/10 A CH4: 15 V/1.5 A Features Rated output power: 285 W Rated voltage: 32 V, 12 V, 30 V Up to four high-precision power supplies with independent controllable outputs, supporting CH2 and CH3 series and parallel connections Clear graphical interface with waveform and timer display modes 5-digit voltage and current display with minimum resolution of 1 mV, 1 mA Fast output response time: <50us The high current channel support remote voltage compensation sense function. The maximum compensation voltage is 0.6 V Overvoltage protection and overcurrent protection or safe and accurate operation Equipped with a 4.3-inch TFT-LCD display (480 x 272 resolution) USB and LAN standard communication USB-GPIB module is optional Excellent channel density with up to 4 channels in a 3U half rack package Internal data storage for setups and parameters Embedded Web Server with instrument communication that doesn’t require software installation Fully SCPI programming command set support as well as a LabView driver for remote control and system automation Specifications SPD4323X SPD4121X SPD4306X Channel Output CH1: Voltage 0 to 6 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 32 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 32 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 6 V Current 0 to 3.2 A CH1: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 12 V Current 0 to 10 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 12 V Current 0 to 10 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 A CH1: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 30 V Current 0 to 6 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 30 V Current 0 to 6 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1 A Resolution 1 mV, 1 mA 1 mV, 1 mA 1 mV, 1 mA Setting Accuracy Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Readback Accuracy Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display Output power 240 W 285 W 400 W Included 1x Siglent SPD4121X Power Supply 1x Power cord (EU) 1x Output test cord (3 A) 1x USB cable 1x Quick start guide Downloads Datasheet Manual Quick start

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Mastering PCB design with real-world projects This book builts on KiCad Like a Pro – Fundamentals and Projects and aims to help you practice your new KiCad skills by challenging you in a series of real-world projects. The projects are supported by a comprehensive set of recipes with detailed instructions on how to achieve a variety of simple and complex tasks. Design the PCBs for a solar power supply, an LED matrix array, an Arduino-powered datalogger, and a custom ESP32 board. Understand the finer details of the interactive router, how to manage KiCad project teams with Git, how to use an autorouter on 2 and 4-layer PCBs, and much more. KiCad 8 is a modern, cross-platform application suite built around schematic and design editors. This stable and mature PCB tool is a perfect fit for electronic engineers and makers. With KiCad 8, you can create PCBs of any complexity and size without the constraints associated with the commercial packages. Here are the most significant improvements and features in KiCad 8, both over and under the hood: Modern user interface, completely redesigned from earlier versions Improved and customizable electrical and design rule checkers Theme editor allowing you to fully customize the look of KiCad on your screen Ability to import projects from Eagle, CADSTART, and more An improved and tightly integrated SPICE circuit simulator Autorouting with the Freerouting plugin Filters define which elements of a layout are selectable Enhanced interactive router helps you draw single tracks and differential pairs with precision New or enhanced tools to draw tracks, measure distances, tune track lengths, etc. Enhanced tool for creating filled zones A customizable coordinate system facilitates data exchange with other CAD applications Realistic ray-tracing capable 3D viewer Differential pair routing Rich repositories of symbol, footprint, and 3D shape libraries Python scripting API for programmatic customization and extensions Improved footprint wizard for fast custom footprints

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More than 275 Power Supply Designs for Home Construction This USB Stick contains over 275 different power supply circuits from the volumes 2001-2025 of Elektor. The article search feature allows you to search full-text content. The results are always displayed as pre-formatted PDF documents. Highlights Cuk Converter Automatic Battery Switchover Battery Voltage LED Digital Benchtop Power Supply Lithium-Ion Charger Solar Cell Charger Electronic Fuse High Voltage Regulator Power Supply for USB Devices Step-up Converter for LEDs Battery Management and much more... On the Stick you will also find a folder with additional material such as PCB layouts, Gerber files and software. Specifications Storage 16 GB Interfaces 1x USB-A1x USB-C System requirements PC with Adobe Reader 7.0 or higher Web browser

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59 Experiments with Arduino IDE and Python The main aim of this book is to teach the Arduino IDE and MicroPython programming languages in ESP32 based projects, using the highly popular ESP32 DevKitC development board. Many simple, basic, and intermediate level projects are provided in the book using the Arduino IDE with ESP32 DevKitC. All projects have been tested and work. Block diagrams, circuit diagrams, and complete program listings of all projects are given with explanations. In addition, several projects are provided for programming the ESP32 DevKitC using MicroPython. The projects provided in this book are designed to teach the following features of the ESP32 processor: GPIOs Touch sensors External interrupts Timer interrupts I²C and I²S SPI PWM ADC DAC UART Hall sensor Temperature sensor Infrared controller Reading and writing to SD card Reading and writing to flash memory RTC timer Chip ID Security and encryption Wi-Fi and network programming Bluetooth BLE programming Communication mobile devices Low power design ESP-IDF programming The projects have been organized with increasing levels of difficulty. Readers are encouraged to tackle the projects in the order given. A specially prepared hardware kit (SKU 18305) is available from Elektor. With the help of this hardware, it should be easy and fun to build the projects in this book.

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The OWON XDM1241 is a fast, high-precision digital True RMS benchtop multimeter with a high-resolution 3.5-inch LCD and 50,000 counts. Its DC voltage accuracy is up to 0.05% and it can measure up to 65 values per second. Features 3.5' high-resolution LCD (480x320 pixels) 55000 counts, DC voltage accuracy up to 0.05% Up to 65 readings per second Dual line display supported Trend analysis accessible in chart mode AC True RMS measurements (bandwidth: 20 Hz – 1 kHz) SCPI support: Remote control the multimeter through PC software via USB port Data record function, you can record the measured data into internal memory, and then read and process the recorded data with your computer. Specifications Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy DC Voltage 50.000 mV 0.001 mV 0.1% +10 500.00 mV 0.01 mV 0.05% +5 5.0000 V 0.0001 V 0.05% +5 50.000 V 0.001 V 0.05% +5 500.00 V 0.01 V 0.1% +5 1000.0 V 0.1 V 0.1% +10 AC Voltage 500 mV～750 V 20 Hz～45 Hz 1% +30 45 Hz～65 Hz 0.5% +30 65 Hz～1 KHz 0.7% +30 DC Current 500 uA 0.01 uA 0.15% +20 5000 uA 0.1 uA 0.15% +10 50 mA 0.001 mA 0.15% +20 500 mA 0.01 mA 0.15% +10 5 A 0.0001 A 0.5% +10 10 A 0.001 A 0.5% +10 AC Current 500 uA～500 mA 20 Hz～1 KHz 0.5% +20 5 A-10 A 1.5% +20 Resistance 500 Ω 0.01 Ω 0.15% +10 5 KΩ 0.0001 KΩ 0.15% +5 50 KΩ 0.001 KΩ 0.15% +5 500 KΩ 0.01 KΩ 0.15% +5 5 MΩ 0.0001 MΩ 0.3% +5 50 MΩ 0.001 MΩ 1% +10 Frequency 10.000 Hz～60 MHz / ±(0.2% +10) Capacitance 50 nF～500 uF / 2.5% +10 5 mF～50 mF 5% +10 Diode 3.0000 V 0.0001 V / Continuity 1000 Ω 0.1 Ω Adjustable threshold Temperature K type, PT100 Max Display 55,000 counts Data-logging Function Logging Duration 15ms～9999.999s Logging Length 1,000 points Display 3.5' TFT LCD (480x320 pixels) Power supply Lithium battery via USB-C or 5 V DC input Dimensions 235 x 88 x 65 mm Weight approx. 0.5 kg Included 1x OWON XDM1241 Multimeter 2x Test leads 1x USB cable 1x USB to DC cord 1x Manual Downloads Programming Manual PC Software

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The Siglent SPD4306X is a 4-channel DC Linear Programmable Power Supply equipped with a 4.3-inch TFT-LCD display, friendly human-machine interface, and excellent performance indicators. Real-time waveform display provides engineers with an informative user interface. SPD4306X offers a total output power of 400 W with a resolution of 1 mV/1 mA. The maximum voltage and current for each channel are as follows: CH1: 15 V/1.5 A CH2: 30 V/6 A CH3: 30 V/6 A CH4: 15 V/1 A Features Rated output power: 400 W Rated voltage: 32 V, 12 V, 30 V Up to four high-precision power supplies with independent controllable outputs, supporting CH2 and CH3 series and parallel connections Clear graphical interface with waveform and timer display modes 5-digit voltage and current display with minimum resolution of 1 mV, 1 mA Fast output response time: <50us The high current channel support remote voltage compensation sense function. The maximum compensation voltage is 0.6 V Overvoltage protection and overcurrent protection or safe and accurate operation Equipped with a 4.3-inch TFT-LCD display (480 x 272 resolution) USB and LAN standard communication USB-GPIB module is optional Excellent channel density with up to 4 channels in a 3U half rack package Internal data storage for setups and parameters Embedded Web Server with instrument communication that doesn’t require software installation Fully SCPI programming command set support as well as a LabView driver for remote control and system automation Specifications SPD4323X SPD4121X SPD4306X Channel Output CH1: Voltage 0 to 6 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 32 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 32 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 6 V Current 0 to 3.2 A CH1: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 12 V Current 0 to 10 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 12 V Current 0 to 10 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 A CH1: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 30 V Current 0 to 6 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 30 V Current 0 to 6 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1 A Resolution 1 mV, 1 mA 1 mV, 1 mA 1 mV, 1 mA Setting Accuracy Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Readback Accuracy Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display Output power 240 W 285 W 400 W Included 1x Siglent SPD4306X Power Supply 1x Power cord (EU) 1x Output test cord (3 A) 1x USB cable 1x Quick start guide Downloads Datasheet Manual Quick start

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SPD3000X Series Linear Programmable DC Power Supply has a 4.3-inches TFT LCD display, Supports Programmability and Real Time Wave Display, bringing a new experience to users. It has three isolated outputs: two adjustable channels and one selectable channel from 2.5V, 3.3V, and 5V. It also has output short and overload protect function, and can be used in production and development. Features 3 independent controlled and isolated output, 32V/3.2A×2, 2.5V/3.3V/5V/3.2A×1, total 220W. 5 digits Voltage, 4digits Current Display, Minimum Resolution: 10mV/10mA. Supports panel timing output functions. 4.3 inch true color TFT LCD 480x272 pixel display. 3 kinds of output modes: independent, series, parallel. 100V/120V/220V/230V compatible design to meet the needs of different power grids. Intelligent temperature-controlled fan, effectively reducing noise. Clear graphical interface, with the waveform display function Internal 5 groups of system parameter save/recall, supports data storage space expansion. Provides PC software: Easypower, supports SCPI, LabVIEW driver. High-resolution and high-precision output The highest resolution of 10mV/10mA, provides excellent setting and read back accuracy. This ensures accurate output even with very with small changes in voltage or current. This is impossible for a low resolution power supply. Series/parallel/independent mode function Series and parallel function allows two channels combined into one output with more power output capability, extending the application range. Each of 3 channels power can be turned on or off independently and also can be turned all on or all off. Panel displays the timing output Through the panel operation, 5 groups of timing settings and output control can be displayed, which provides users a simple power programming function. Also a connection can be made with Siglent’s EasyPower PC software providing a full range of communication and control requirements. Save/Recall setting parameters SPD3000X series programmable power supply can save or recall 5 groups of setting parameter in internal storage, also supports external storage expansion. You can easily obtain the settings you needed.

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Program, build, and master over 50 projects with MicroPython and the RP2040 microprocessor The Raspberry Pi Pico is a high-performance microcontroller module designed especially for physical computing. Microcontrollers differ from single-board computers, like the Raspberry Pi 4, in not having an operating system. The Raspberry Pi Pico can be programmed to run a single task very efficiently within real-time control and monitoring applications requiring speed. The ‘Pico’ as we call it, is based on the fast, efficient, and low-cost dual-core ARM Cortex-M0+ RP2040 microcontroller chip running at up to 133 MHz and sporting 264 KB of SRAM, and 2 MB of Flash memory. Besides its large memory, the Pico has even more attractive features including a vast number of GPIO pins, and popular interface modules like ADC, SPI, I²C, UART, and PWM. To cap it all, the chip offers fast and accurate timing modules, a hardware debug interface, and an internal temperature sensor. The Raspberry Pi Pico is easily programmed using popular high-level languages such as MicroPython and or C/C++. This book is an introduction to using the Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller in conjunction with the MicroPython programming language. The Thonny development environment (IDE) is used in all the projects described. There are over 50 working and tested projects in the book, covering the following topics: Installing the MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico using a Raspberry Pi or a PC Timer interrupts and external interrupts Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) projects Using the internal temperature sensor and external temperature sensor chips Datalogging projects PWM, UART, I²C, and SPI projects Using Wi-Fi and apps to communicate with smartphones Using Bluetooth and apps to communicate with smartphones Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) projects All projects given in the book have been fully tested and are working. Only basic programming and electronics experience is required to follow the projects. Brief descriptions, block diagrams, detailed circuit diagrams, and full MicroPython program listings are given for all projects described. Readers can find the program listings on the Elektor web page created to support the book.

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23 projects to bring your microcontroller to life! This book contains 23 special and exciting artificial intelligence machine-learning projects, for microcontroller and PC. Learn how to set up a neural network in a microcontroller, and how to make the network self-learning. Discover how you can breed robots, and how changing a fitness function results in a totally different behavior. Find out how a PC program exposes your weak spots in a game, and ruthlessly exploits them. Build a free-will robot, or have one clean your floor! Example projects from the book: A microcontroller that learns what your favourite color is. A robot wandering about the house looking for someone to play with. A bred robot program that is incapable of crossing a black line. A microcontroller that learns how to play a game until You just can't win anymore. A PC that programs a microcontroller all by itself. Complete with free software that you can download containing: All source code for the microcontroller. All sources of compiled PC programs (MS Windows). JAL programming language, with special editor and extension libraries. Robot breed program. Plus a support webpage with links, errata and FAQ. Several artificial intelligence techniques are discussed and used in projects such as expert system, neural network, subsumption, emerging behavior, genetic algorithm, cellular automata and roulette brains. Every project has clear instructions and pictures so you can start immediately. Suggestions and literature links allow you to go way beyond the scope of the book. Even after you have built all the projects contained within, this book will remain a valuable reference guide to keep next to your PC. A unique book for anyone with an interest in artificial intelligence and machine learning.

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