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An Ultra-Rapid Programming Course This book serves as the very first step to for novices to learn Python programming. The book is divided into ten chapters. In the first chapter, readers are introduced to the basics of Python. It has the detailed instructions for installation on various platforms such as macOS, Windows, FreeBSD, and Linux. It also covers the other aspects of Python programming such as IDEs and Package Manager. The second chapter is where the readers get an opportunity to have a detailed hands-on with Python programming. It covers a group of built-in data structures popularly known as Python Collections. The third chapter covers the important concepts of strings, functions, and recursion. The fourth chapter focuses on the Object-Oriented Programming with Python. The fifth chapter discusses most commonly used custom data structures such as stack and queue. The sixth chapter spurs the creativity of the readers with Python’s Turtle graphics library. The seventh chapter explores animations and game development using the Pygame library. The eighth chapter covers handling data stored in a variety of file formats. The ninth chapter covers the area of Image processing with Wand library in Python. The tenth and the final chapter presents an array of assorted handy topics in Python. The entire book follows a step-by-step approach. The explanation of the topic is always followed by a detailed code example. The code examples are also explained in suitable detail and they are followed by the output in the form of text or screenshot wherever possible. Readers will become comfortable with Python programming language by closely following the concepts and the code examples in this book. The book also has references to external resources for readers to explore further. A download of the software code, and links to tutorial videos can be found on the Elektor website.

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Programming the Finite State Machine with 8-Bit PICs in Assembly and C Andrew Pratt provides a detailed introduction to programming PIC microcontrollers, as well as a thorough overview of the Finite State Machine (FSM) approach to programming. Most of the book uses assembly programming, but do not be deterred. The FSM gives a structure to a program, making it easy to plan, write, and modify. The last two chapters introduce programming in C, so you can make a direct comparison between the two techniques. The book references the relevant parts of the Microchip datasheet as familiarity with it is the best way to discover detailed information. This book is aimed at Microsoft Windows and Linux users. To keep your costs to a minimum and to simplify the toolchain, specific applications are provided as a free download to enable you to use an FTDI serial lead as the programmer. The assembler used is the open-source "gpasm". All programming can be done in a text editor. There are detailed instructions on how to perform the necessary installations on Windows, Linux Debian, and derivatives such as Ubuntu and Fedora. For programming in C, Microchip's XC8 compiler is used from the command line. In addition to the programming applications, two serial read and serial write applications can be used for communicating with the PICs from a computer. A voltmeter project including practical instructions on building a circuit board from scratch is included. All theory is covered beforehand, including how to do integer arithmetic in assembly. Two PICs are covered: the PIC12F1822 and the PIC16F1823. Both can run at 32 MHz with an internal oscillator. You do not need to buy a factory-made development board and programmer. With relatively inexpensive parts including a serial lead, microcontroller, a few resistors, and LEDs, you can get started exploring embedded programming. Links Updated Programmer

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Die heutige Regelungstechnik hat Verknüpfungspunkte mit fast jedem technischen Gebiet. Ihre Anwendungen reichen von der Elektrotechnik über die Antriebstechnik und den Maschinenbau bis hin zur Verfahrenstechnik. Will man nun die Regelungstechnik anhand der fachlichen Regeln dieser einzelnen Gebiete erklären, so müsste man von einem Regelungstechniker verlangen, jedes Fachgebiet, in dem er Regelungen vornehmen will, fundiert zu beherrschen. Dies ist aber bei dem heutigen Stand der Technik nicht möglich. Bei der Regelung einer Antriebsaufgabe, einer Druck- oder einer Temperaturregelung tauchen Gemeinsamkeiten auf, die man mit einer einheitlichen Vorgehensweise beschreiben kann. Die Grundgesetze der Regelungstechnik gelten in gleicher Weise für alle Regelkreise, ganz unabhängig davon, wie verschieden sie im Einzelnen auch apparativ aufgebaut sein mögen. Dieses Buch richtet sich an den Praktiker, der gründlicher in die Regelungstechnik eindringen möchte, auf ausschweifende theoretische Exkursionen in die Mathematik aber gerne verzichten kann. Worauf es bei der Lösung von Regelungsaufgaben eigentlich ankommt, ist nicht die Kenntnis vieler Formeln und Rechenverfahren, sondern das Erfassen der Zusammenhänge im Regelkreis. Genau diese beschreibt das vorliegende Buch in anschaulicher Form. Parallel zur Theorie wird die Praxis von regelungstechnischen Vorgängen mit den Simulations-Tools WinFACT und Multisim ausführlich erläutert. Hiermit lassen sich sehr einfach Versuche mit regelungstechnischen Modulen und umfangreichen Messinstrumenten simulieren, Fehler aufspüren und Lösungen für die Praxis finden. Nebenbei entsteht so ein fundiertes Grundlagenwissen.

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From Rubbing Amber to Swiping Glass "The story of electricity, told one connection at a time."Why does rubbing amber attract dust? How did we go from that curious effect to a world where screens respond to a single touch? And how did we get from mysterious sparks to tiny chips packed with billions of transistors? For centuries, electricity puzzled and fascinated those who encountered its curious effects—long before it even had a name. From the earliest observations of static charge to the complex electronics that shape our lives today, this book traces the gradual, and often surprising, story of how humanity came to understand and harness this powerful force. This book offers an engaging and accessible account of the people, ideas, and inventions that transformed electricity from a scientific curiosity into the foundation of our digital age. Along the way, you’ll meet a host of inquisitive minds—some famous, others less so—whose persistence and creativity helped unravel the mysteries of the natural world and gave rise to the technologies we now take for granted. Covering everything from Leyden jars and batteries to transistors, microcontrollers and the internet, this book presents a clear and enjoyable overview of electronics and its relatively short, yet rich, history. Whether you have a technical background or simply a curiosity about how things work, From Rubbing Amber to Swiping Glass offers a thoughtful look at how far we’ve come—and a gentle nudge to wonder what might come next.

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Easy and Affordable Digital Signal ProcessingThe aim of this book is to teach the basic principles of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and to introduce it from a practical point of view using the bare minimum of mathematics. Only the basic level of discrete-time systems theory is given, sufficient to implement DSP applications in real time. The practical implementations are described in real time using the highly popular ESP32 DevKitC microcontroller development board. With the low cost and extremely popular ESP32 microcontroller, you should be able to design elementary DSP projects with sampling frequencies within the audio range. All programming is done using the popular Arduino IDE in conjunction with the C language compiler.After laying a solid foundation of DSP theory and pertinent discussions on the main DSP software tools on the market, the book presents the following audio-based sound and DSP projects: Using an I²S-based digital microphone to capture audio sound Using an I²S-based class-D audio amplifier and speaker Playing MP3 music stored on an SD card through an I²S-based amplifier and speaker Playing MP3 music files stored in ESP32 flash memory through an I²S-based amplifier and speaker Mono and stereo Internet radio with I²S-based amplifiers and speakers Text-to-speech output with an I²S-based amplifier and speaker Using the volume control in I²S-based amplifier and speaker systems A speaking event counter with an I²S-based amplifier and speaker An adjustable sinewave generator with I²S-based amplifier and speaker Using the Pmod I²S2 24-bit fast ADC/DAC module Digital low-pass and band-pass real-time FIR filter design with external and internal A/D and D/A conversion Digital low-pass and band-pass real-time IIR filter design with external and internal A/D and D/A conversion Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT)

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Die Hochfrequenztechnik ist eines der Gebiete, auf denen man auch heute noch eigene Ideen in die Tat umsetzen kann. Unzählige Schaltungsvarianten mit besonderen Zielsetzungen geben Raum für sinnvolle Experimente und Projekte. Vieles kann man nicht einfach kaufen. Detektorradios ohne eigene Energiequelle, einfache Röhrenempfänger mit einem Hauch von Nostalgie, die ersten Empfangsversuche mit dem Software Defined Radio oder Spezialempfänger für den Amateurfunk, all dies lässt sich mit wenig Aufwand realisieren. Lange Zeit war das Radiobasteln der Einstieg in die Elektronik. Inzwischen gibt es auch andere Wege, vor allem über Computer, Mikrocontroller und die Digitaltechnik. Allerdings kommen die analogen Wurzeln der Elektronik oft zu kurz. Die Radiotechnik eignet sich besonders gut als Lernfeld der Elektronik, weil man hier mit den einfachsten Grundlagen beginnen kann. Aber auch die Verbindung zur modernen Digitaltechnik liegt auf der Hand, wenn es z. B. um moderne Abstimmverfahren wie PLL und DDS oder um moderne DSP-Radios geht. Dieses Buch gibt einen Überblick und stellt eine Sammlung einfacher Projekte vor. Der Autor möchte Sie dabei unterstützen, eigene Ideen zu entwickeln, eigene Empfänger zu entwerfen und sie zu erproben.

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Mikrocontroller haben sich in den letzten Jahren in praktisch allen Bereichen der modernen Technik etabliert. In zunehmendem Maße dringen sie auch in die Gebiete der Künstlichen Intelligenz und der Robotertechnik vor. Das vorliegende Buch gibt eine umfassende Einführung in die Welt der Controller-Technik mit all ihren Facetten, von der einfachen Steuerung über die Sensor-Technik bis hin zur Datenübertragung in das Internet. Als Basis dafür dient das von Elektor entwickelte AVR-Playground-Board. Das Board kann mit Controllern der ATmega-Familie bestückt werden und ist mit dem bekannten Arduino-System kompatibel, so dass auch die verschiedenen Arduino-Hardware-Erweiterungen verwendet werden können. Für die Programmierung kommt die Sprache „C“ zum Einsatz. Auch hier wird im Buch auf das Arduino-System zurückgegriffen. Die frei verfügbare Arduino-Entwicklungsumgebung erlaubt den leichten Einstieg, ohne dass später Einschränkungen in Kauf genommen werden müssen. Die Hardware-nahe Programmierung steht dabei besonders im Fokus. Nach der Erläuterung von grundlegenden Anwendungen wird auf die anspruchsvolleren Themen wie Interrupts, Timer und Counter, Pulsweitenmodulation und Analog-Digital-Wandlung eingegangen. Praktische Anwendungen können sowohl mit einem Arduino als auch mit dem AVR-Playground-Board durchgeführt werden. Da das AVR-Playground-Board bereits über eine Vielzahl von Peripherie-Einheiten verfügt, sind nur noch wenige externe Bauteile erforderlich. Das Board kann im Elektor-Shop hier bezogen werden.

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This is the second edition of a book aimed at engineers, scientists, and hobbyists who want to interface PCs with hardware projects using graphical user interfaces. Desktop and web-based applications are covered. The programming language used is Python 3, which is one of the most popular languages around: speed of programming being a key feature. The book has been revised and updated with an emphasis on getting the user to produce practical designs with ease – a text editor is all that is required to produce Python programs. Hardware interfacing is achieved using an Arduino Uno as a remote slave. A full description and source code of the communication interface is given in the book. The slave provides digital and analog input and outputs. Multiple Unos can be included in one project with all control code written in Python and running on a PC One project involves a PIC microcontroller with the code provided that can be loaded into the PIC using the Uno. The web applications and server are all implemented in Python, allowing you to access your electronic hardware over the Internet. The Raspberry Pi computer can be used as your web server. An introductory chapter is provided to get you started with using Linux. The book is written for use with Debian or variations including Mint or Ubuntu. All of the programs in the book are freely available, ready to use and experiment with by way of a download from Elektor.

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Mastering PCB design with real-world projects This book builts on KiCad Like a Pro – Fundamentals and Projects and aims to help you practice your new KiCad skills by challenging you in a series of real-world projects. The projects are supported by a comprehensive set of recipes with detailed instructions on how to achieve a variety of simple and complex tasks. Design the PCBs for a solar power supply, an LED matrix array, an Arduino-powered datalogger, and a custom ESP32 board. Understand the finer details of the interactive router, how to manage KiCad project teams with Git, how to use an autorouter on 2 and 4-layer PCBs, and much more. KiCad 8 is a modern, cross-platform application suite built around schematic and design editors. This stable and mature PCB tool is a perfect fit for electronic engineers and makers. With KiCad 8, you can create PCBs of any complexity and size without the constraints associated with the commercial packages. Here are the most significant improvements and features in KiCad 8, both over and under the hood: Modern user interface, completely redesigned from earlier versions Improved and customizable electrical and design rule checkers Theme editor allowing you to fully customize the look of KiCad on your screen Ability to import projects from Eagle, CADSTART, and more An improved and tightly integrated SPICE circuit simulator Autorouting with the Freerouting plugin Filters define which elements of a layout are selectable Enhanced interactive router helps you draw single tracks and differential pairs with precision New or enhanced tools to draw tracks, measure distances, tune track lengths, etc. Enhanced tool for creating filled zones A customizable coordinate system facilitates data exchange with other CAD applications Realistic ray-tracing capable 3D viewer Differential pair routing Rich repositories of symbol, footprint, and 3D shape libraries Python scripting API for programmatic customization and extensions Improved footprint wizard for fast custom footprints

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Der ESP8266 von Espressif ist ein Wi-Fi-Mikrochip mit vollem TCP/IP-Stack und Mikrocontroller-Fähigkeit. Es hat mit seinem niedrigen Preis Wellen in der Herstellergemeinschaft geschlagen. Aber viele Entwickler waren unzufrieden mit dem hohen Stromverbrauch von ESP8266. Der ESP32, ausgestattet mit einem ULP (Ultra Low Power) Coprozessor, bietet eine Lösung. Dieses E-Book enthält eine Reihe von Projekten mit ESP32 & ESP8266 sowie ein Interview mit dem CEO von Espressif Teo Swee Ann. Artikel ESP32 für den Einsatz in Geräten der Industrie 4.0 Scrollende Nachrichtenanzeige, 512 LEDs per WLAN mit ESP-12F ansteuern Das vernetzte Treibhaus, IoT-Modellprojekt mit MQTT und Node-RED VFD-Röhren-Uhr mit ESP32, Internet-Zeit auf Vintage-Displays ESP32 stromsparend, die Programmierung des ULP-Coprozessors DCF77-Emulator mit ESP8266, DCF durch Internet-Zeit ersetzen Was steckt hinter dem berühmtem ESP8266? WLAN-Thermostat, flexible und programmierbare Temperatursteuerung Timer für den WLAN-Thermostat, sieben Kanäle mit atomarer Genauigkeit Schweizer Taschenmesser für Mikrocontroller, PlatformIO als universelles Programmier-Tool ESP32 für Power-User, native Programmierung Weather-Display, aktuelle Wetterdaten auf einem LC-Display darstellen GoNotify, ein flexibles IoT-Sensorinterface. Einfach in die Cloud. Der große Bruder des ESP8266, erste Schritte mit dem ESP32 und der Arduino-IDE MicroPython, Python für kleine Systeme RGBDigit Clock, farbenfrohe 7-Segment-Displays zeigen Zeit und Klima USB-Programmieradapter für die ESP-Module von Espressif Heizkesselmonitor mit ESP8266, Haustechnik für die Energiewende WLAN für Mikrocontroller, steuern mit dem ESP8266 Die Rückkehr des WLAN-Controller-Boards, Smartphone steuert IoT-Objekte WLAN kompakt und autonom, oder: Wie man den ESP8266 auch ohne MCU einsetzen kann

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20+ Macintosh Models, from 1984 to Today (History, Engineering, and Restoration) Apple is not like any other company. More than anyone else, it transformed technology into something people could desire, love, and even identify with—much like a luxury brand. Users were not only buying a tool; they were buying a vision, a way of life. At the center of this transformation stands the Macintosh. First introduced in 1984, it was radically different from everything before. With its graphical interface and mouse, it made computing approachable, even friendly. What now feels obvious—clicking on icons, dragging files, pointing instead of typing commands—was revolutionary at the time. The Macintosh not only changed the way people related to technology. The Macintosh forced the entire industry to rethink the way we use computers. This book tells that story through some of the most significant Macintosh models. Each one is presented not only in words but also in images, because these computers are more than technology—they are design icons, symbols of a unique vision. History, technical detail, and photography come together here, aiming to show each Macintosh as it truly deserves to be seen.

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The Internet of Things is rapidly gaining interest, and that has fueled the development of the Edison. A tiny computer, the size of a postage stamp, with a lot of power and built-in wireless communication capabilities. In this eBook we will help you get up-to-speed with the Edison, by installing the software both on the Edison as well as on your Windows PC. We will use the Edison Arduino break-out board because it is easy to work with. We will discuss Linux, Arduino C++ and Python, and show examples of how the Edison can interface with other hardware. We will use Wi-Fi and Bluetooth to set up wireless connections, and show you a trick to program sketches over Wi-Fi. Once you have completed this book your Edison will be up and running with the latest software version, and you will have sufficient knowledge of both hardware and software to start making your own applications. You will even be able to program the Edison over USB and wireless both in Arduino C++ and Python. This is not a projects eBook, but a toolbox that will allow you to explore the wonderful world of the Intel Edison!

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