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Understanding and Using Them Effectively What happens in electronics is invisible to the naked eye. The instrument that allows to accurately visualize electrical signals, the one through which the effects of electronics become apparent to us, is the oscilloscope. Alas, when one first ventures into electronics, it is often without an oscilloscope. And one is left fumbling, both physically and mentally. Observing an electrical signal on a screen for the first time is a revelation. Nobody wishes to forgo that marvel again. There is no turning back. In electronics, if one wishes to progress with both enjoyment and understanding, an oscilloscope is essential. This marks the beginning of a period of questioning: how to choose one? And no sooner is that question answered than a whole string of others arises, which can be summed up in just one: how does one use the oscilloscope in such a way that what it displays truly reflects the reality of the signals? Rémy Mallard is a passionate communicator with a gift for making complex technical subjects understandable and engaging. In this book, he provides clear answers to essential questions about using an oscilloscope and offers a wealth of guidance to help readers explore and understand the electrical signals behind electronic systems. With his accessible style and practical insights, this book is a valuable tool for anyone eager to deepen their understanding of electronics.

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The Elektor Super Servo Tester can control servos and measure servo signals. It can test up to four servo channels at the same time. The Super Servo Tester comes as a kit. All the parts required to assemble the Super Servo Tester are included in the kit. Assembling the kit requires basic soldering skills. The microcontroller is already programmed. The Super Servo Tester features two operating modes: Control/Manual and Measure/Inputs. In Control/Manual mode the Super Servo Tester generates control signals on its outputs for up to four servos or for the flight controller or ESC. The signals are controlled by the four potentiometers. In Measure/Inputs the Super Servo Tester measures the servo signals connected to its inputs. These signals may come from for instance an ESC, a flight controller, or the receiver or another device. The signals are also routed to the outputs to control the servos or the flight controller or ESC. The results are shown on the display. Specifications Operating modes Control/Manual & Measure/Inputs Channels 3 Servo signal inputs 4 Servo signal outputs 4 Alarm Buzzer & LED Display 0.96' OLED (128 x 32 pixels) Input voltage on K5 7-12 VDC Input voltage on K1 5-7.5 VDC Input current 30 mA (9 VDC on K5, nothing connected to K1 and K2) Dimensions 113 x 66 x 25 mm Weight 60 g Included Resistors (0.25 W) R1, R3 1 kΩ, 5% R2, R4, R5, R6, R7, R9, R10 10 kΩ, 5% R8 22 Ω, 5% P1, P2, P3, P4 10 kΩ, lin/B, vertical potentiometer Capacitors C1 100 µF 16 V C2 10 µF 25 V C3, C4, C7 100 nF C5, C6 22 pF Semiconductors D1 1N5817 D2 LM385Z-2.5 D3 BZX79-C5V1 IC1 7805 IC2 ATmega328P-PU, programmed LED1 LED, 3 mm, red T1 2N7000 Miscellaneous BUZ1 Piezo buzzer with oscillator K1, K2 2-row, 12-way pinheader, 90° K5 Barrel jack K4 1-row, 4-way pin socket K3 2-row, 6-way boxed pinheader S1 Slide switch DPDT S2 Slide switch SPDT X1 Crystal, 16 MHz 28-way DIP socket for IC2 Elektor PCB OLED display, 0.96', 128 x 32 pixels, 4-pin I²C interface Links Elektor Magazine Elektor Labs

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Diese Ausgabe steht allen GOLD- und GREEN-Mitgliedern auf der ElektorMagazine-Website zum Download bereit! Sie sind noch kein Mitglied? Hier klicken! STM32 Wireless Innovation Design Contest – Die Gewinner stehen fest In-Circuit LC-MeterEine Prototyp-Studie Das modulare DC-Leistungsmessgerät AmpVoltTeil 1: Platine zur Messung von Strömen bis 5 A und Spannungen bis 50 V embedded world 2024 Reparatur von elektronischen GerätenWerkzeuge, Techniken und Tipps Aller Anfang ...muss nicht schwer sein: Wir setzen die Verstärkertheorie fort! Ein einfacher DDS-SignalgeneratorDirekte Digitale Synthese in ihrer reinsten Form Sparkplug im ÜberblickEine Spezifikation für MQTT-Daten Bemerkenswerte BauteileZeile für Zeile: CRTCs Radargesteuerte BeleuchtungAutomatisches Treppenhauslicht mit Anwesenheitsdetektion Digitale Wasserwaage und aktive Stroboskop-Scheibe für PlattenspielerFeinabstimmung Ihres Plattenspielers mit nur einem Gerät Open Source und seine Bedeutung für die Elektronikindustrie (2) M12-Rundsteckverbinder mit A-KodierungErste Wahl für industrielle Anwendungen Arduino-MesslaborEin 8-in-1-Test- und Messgerät für das heimische Elektroniklabor Soundkarte als Betrag/Phase-Impedanz-AnalysatorFür Frequenzen von 100 Hz bis 90 kHz pH-Wert-Messung mit dem Arduino UNO R4Überprüfen Sie die Qualität Ihres Wassers Aus dem Leben gegriffenStartrampe für Pangpong-Popöchen Digitales Speicheroszilloskop FNIRSI 1014DGute Leistung für knappe Budgets 2024: Eine Odyssee in die KIWie man die Objekterkennung zum Laufen bringt 10-MHz-ReferenzgeneratorHochgenau, mit Verteiler und galvanischer Trennung Projekt-Update #2: Energiemessgerät mit ESP32Einige Weiterentwicklungen Projekt 2.0Korrekturen, Updates und Leserbriefe Ein Interview mit Eben Upton, Geschäftsführer von Raspberry PiDer Raspberry Pi 5 und darüber hinaus

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Features Bandwidth: DC-800 KHz Maximum measurable current: 100 Apk (70.7 Arms) Max. conductor diameter: 13 mm Auto & Manual "Zero" function Directly powered by USB port Standard BNC interface, compatible with any oscilloscope Specifications Bandwidth DC-800 KHz Rise time <= 583 ns Ranges 10 A / 100 A Output sensitivity 0.1 V/A (10 A) 0.01 V/A (100 A) DC accuracy 3% ±50 mA (10 A) 4% ±50 mA (100 A, 500 mA - 40 Apk) 15% (100 A, 40 Apk -100 Apk) Signal delay < 150 ns (10 A) < 200ns (100 A) Current measurement range 50 mA - 10 Apk (10 A) 1 A - 100 Apk (100 A) Max. Voltage CAT III 300 V CAT II 600 V Power supply DC 5 V Downloads Quick Guide Datasheet Manual

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The SDRplay RSP1B is an enhanced version of the popular RSP1A – a powerful, wideband, full-featured 14-bit SDR that covers the RF spectrum from 1 kHz to 2 GHz. The RSP1B comes in a rugged, black-painted steel case and offers significantly improved noise performance. All it needs is a computer and an antenna to deliver excellent communications-receiver functionality. It includes a choice of SDRuno for Windows and the multi-platform SDRconnect software for Windows, macOS, and Linux (supplied free of charge by SDRplay). You can monitor up to 10 MHz of spectrum at a time. A documented API allows developers to create new demodulators or applications for the platform. Features Covers all frequencies from 1 kHz through VLF, LF, MW, HF, VHF, UHF and L-band to 2 GHz, with no gaps Receive, monitor and record up to 10 MHz of spectrum at a time Free use of windows-based SDRuno software which provides an ever-increasing feature-set Strong and growing software support network Calibrated S meter/ RF power and SNR measurement with SDRuno (including datalogging to .CSV file capability) Documented API provided to allow demodulator or application development on multiple platforms Excellent dynamic range for challenging reception conditions Works with popular 3rd party SDR software (including HDSDR, SDR Console and Cubic SDR) ExtIO based plugin available Software upgradeable for future standards Strong and growing software support network API provided to allow demodulator or application development Multiplatform driver and API support including Windows, Linux, Mac, Android and Raspberry Pi Up to 16 individual receivers in any 10 MHz slice of spectrum using SDRuno Calibrated S meter and power measurements with SDRuno Stand-alone windows-based spectrum analyser software available (with sweep, sample and hold features) Ideal for monitoring of ISM/ IoT/ Telemetry bands <2 GHz Ideal for portable operation Specifications Frequency Range 1 kHz – 2 GHz Antenna Connector SMA Antenna Impedance 50 Ohms Current Consumption (Typical) 185 mA (excl. Bias-T) USB Connector USB Type B Maximum Input Power +0 dBm Continuous+10 dBm Short Duration ADC Sample Rates 2-10.66 MSPS ADC Number of Bits 14 bit 2-6.048 MSPS12 bit 6.048-8.064 MSPS10 bit 8.064-9.216 MSPS8 bit >9.216 MSPS Bias-T 4.7 V100 mA guaranteed Reference 0.5ppm 24 MHz TCXO.Frequency error trimmable to 0.01ppm in field. Operating Temperature Range -10˚C to +60˚C Dimensions 98 x 88 x 34 mm Weight 110 g Downloads Datasheet Software RSP1B vs RSPdx vs RSPduo RSP1B RSPdx RSPduo Continuous coverage from 1 kHz to 2 GHz ✓ ✓ ✓ Up to 10 Mhz visible bandwidth ✓ ✓ ✓ 14-bit ADC silicon technology plus multiple high-performance input filters ✓ ✓ ✓ Software selectable AM/FM & DAB broadcast band notch filters ✓ ✓ ✓ 4.7 V Bias-T for powering external remote antenna amplifier ✓ ✓ ✓ Powers over the USB cable with a simple type B socket ✓ ✓ ✓ 50Ω SMA antenna input(s) for 1 kHz to 2 GHz operation (software selectable) 1 2 2 Additional software selectable Hi-Z input for up to 30 Mhz operation ✓ Additional software selectable 50Ω BNC input for up to 200 MHz operation ✓ Additional LF/VLF filter for below 500 kHz ✓ 24 MHz reference clock input (+ output on RSPduo) ✓ ✓ Dual tuners enabling reception on 2 totally independent 2 MHz ranges ✓ Dual tuners enabling diversity reception using SDRuno ✓ Robust and strong plastic case (with internal RF shielding layer) ✓ Rugged black painted steel case ✓ ✓ Overall performance below 2 MHz for MW and LF + ++ + Multiple simultaneous applications + + ++ Performance in challenging fading conditions (*using diversity tuning) + + *++

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New LCR Meter 50 Hz - 2 MHz Part 1automatic impedance measuring bridge measures the resistance, capacitance and inductance of components with an impedance of 10 mΩ to 100 MΩ From Ding-Dong Door Chime to IoT DoorbellIntegrate your doorbell in Home Assistant with ESPHome Battery ManagementWhat to Be Aware of When Using (Lithium) Batteries Starting Out in ElectronicsEasier Than Imagined! Small Circuits RevivalFrom the Elektor Suggestions Box Breadboard Graphics with Fritzing Analogue Filter Design (Part 2)Active Filters Homelab Tours: The Lap CounterA Project for Mini Petrol-Heads Developer’s ZoneTips & Tricks, Best Practices and Other Useful Information Review: Rigol DS1054Z Four-Channel Oscilloscope Christmas CandleBlow It Out! Tunable Valve Sinewave Generator Retro is back! Review: The Rigol DG2072 Generator KiCad Plugins and Add-ons Differential Oscilloscope Current Probe 2.0Measure Currents Using Your Oscilloscope The Hewlett-Packard Interface LoopConnect the world! The Future of Machine LearningAn Interview with Daniel Situnayake Smartphone Apps for Android and iOSProgramming Apps Within a Single Development Environment From Life's ExperienceThe Value of a Technical Education 5G: How Infrastructure Shapes Our Society Practical ESP32 Multitasking (5)Task event notification HP 10811 OscillatorPeculiar Parts, the series LoRa GPS TrackerWith Open Hardware and Software Programming the Finite State Machinewith 8-bit PICs in Assembly and C

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NIEUWE LCR-METER 50 HZ – 2 MHZautomatische impedantiemeetbrug meet weerstand, capaciteit en zelfinductie van componenten met een impedantie van 10 mΩ tot 100 MΩ VAN DINGDONG-DEURBEL NAAR IOT-DEURBELintegreer uw deurbel in Home Assistant met ESPHome ACCUMANAGEMENTwaar u bij het gebruik van (lithium-)accu's op moet letten ALLE BEGIN......hoeft niet zo moeilijk te zijn WIE HET KLEINE NIET EERTuit de ideeënbus van Elektor BREADBOARDEN MET FRITZING ANALOGE ELEKTRONICA ONTWERPENcase-study #2 – deel 2: actieve filters OOST WEST LAB BESTeen blik in het allerheiligste, waar interessante projecten worden geboren DEVELOPER'S ZONEtips & trucs, vakkunstigheden en andere nuttige informatie REVIEW: RIGOL DS1054Z 4-KANAALS OSCILLOSCOOP KERSTKAARS...blaas 'm uit! CONTINU AFSTEMBARE BUIZEN-SINUSGENERATORretro is in... REVIEW: RIGOL DG2072 GOLFVORMGENERATOR KICAD PLUGINS EN ADD-ONS DIFFERENTIËLE STROOMPROBE 2.0 VOOR OSCILLOSCOPENstroom meten met de oscilloscoop DE HEWLETT-PACKARD INTERFACE LOOPverbind de wereld! DE TOEKOMST VAN MACHINE LEARNINGvraaggesprek met Daniel Situnayake MOBIELE APPS VOOR ANDROID EN IOStegelijk geprogrammeerd UIT HET LEVEN GEGREPENde clash tussen alfa, bèta en gamma 5G: HOE INFRASTRUCTUUR ONZE SAMENLEVING VORMT MULTITASKING MET DE ESP32 (5)task event-notificaties HP 10811-OSCILLATORvreemde onderdelen LORA GPS-TRACKERmet open hard- en software PROGRAMMEREN VAN DE EINDIGE-TOESTANDSMACHINEmet 8-bit PIC's in assembler en C HEXADOKU

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The SDRplay RSPduo is a high performance dual-tuner 14-bit SDR receiver. Housed in a high quality steel enclosure, each tuner can operate individually anywhere between 1 kHz and 2 GHz with up to 10 MHz of bandwidth or both tuners can operate simultaneously anywhere between 1 kHz and 2 GHz with up to 2 MHz of bandwidth per tuner. A high stability reference along with external clocking features makes this device ideally suited to industrial, scientific & educational applications. Features Dual tuner provides independent coverage from 1 kHz to 2 GHz using 2 antenna ports simultaneously 14-bit ADC silicon technology Up to 10 MHz visible bandwidth (single tuner mode) or 2 slices of 2 MHz spectrum (dual tuner mode) 3 software-selectable antenna ports (2x 50Ω and 1x 1kΩ high impedance balanced/unbalanced input) High impedance antenna port (1 kHz to 30 MHz) with selectable MW notch filter and choice of 2 pre-selection filters Software selectable AM/FM and DAB broadcast band notch filters for the 2 SMA antenna (1 kHz to 2 GHz) antenna ports External clock input and output enables easy synchronisation to multiple RSPs or external reference clock Powers over the USB cable with a simple type B socket 11 high-selectivity, built in front-end preselection filters on both the 2 SMA antenna ports Software selectable multi-level Low Noise Preamplifier Bias-T power supply for powering antenna-mounted LNA Enclosed in a rugged black painted steel case. SDRuno – World Class SDR software for Windows Documented API for new apps development Specifications Frequency Range 1 kHz – 2 GHz Antenna Connector SMA Antenna Impedance 50 Ohms Current Consumption (Typical) Single Tuner Mode: 180 mA (excl. Bias-T)Dual Tuner Mode: 280 mA (excl. Bias-T) USB Connector USB-B Maximum Input Power +0 dBm Continuous+10 dBm Short Duration ADC Sample Rates 2-10.66 MSPS ADC Number of Bits 14 bit 2-6.048 MSPS12 bit 6.048-8.064 MSPS10 bit 8.064-9.216 MSPS8 bit >9.216 MSPS Bias-T 4.7 V100 mA guaranteed Reference High Temperature Stability (0.5ppm) 24 MHz TCXO.Frequency error trimmable to 0.01ppm in field. Operating Temperature Range −10˚C to +60˚C Dimensions 98 x 94 x 33 mm Weight 315 g Downloads Datasheet Detailed Technical Information Software RSPdx-R2 vs RSPduo RSPdx-R2 RSPduo Continuous coverage from 1 kHz to 2 GHz ✓ ✓ Up to 10 MHz visible bandwidth ✓ ✓ 14-bit ADC silicon technology plus multiple high-performance input filters ✓ ✓ Software selectable AM/FM & DAB broadcast band notch filters ✓ ✓ 4.7 V Bias-T for powering external remote antenna amplifier ✓ ✓ Powers over the USB cable with a simple type B socket ✓ ✓ 50Ω SMA antenna input(s) for 1 kHz to 2 GHz operation (software selectable) 2 2 Additional software selectable Hi-Z input for up to 30 Mhz operation ✓ Additional software selectable 50Ω BNC input for up to 200 MHz operation ✓ Additional LF/VLF filter for below 500 kHz ✓ 24 MHz reference clock input (+ output on RSPduo) ✓ ✓ Dual tuners enabling reception on 2 totally independent 2 MHz ranges ✓ Dual tuners enabling diversity reception using SDRuno ✓ Rugged black painted steel case ✓ ✓ Overall performance below 2 MHz for MW and LF ++ + Multiple simultaneous applications + ++ Performance in challenging fading conditions (*using diversity tuning) + *++

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. PbMonitor v2.0 UpdateBattery Monitoring with Improved Analog Design Audio Latency MeasurementA Standalone Tool for Evaluating Errors and Latency in Audio Transmission Square Wave vs. Bode PlotChecking the Performances of an Audio Device embedded world 2026 Clever Coding with AIAI in Software Development for Electronics Engineers QA403 Audio AnalyzerAffordable Precision for Audio Professionals and Hobbyists EasyGimbalAutonomous Camera Tracking with AI, Stepper and Servo Motors Sigfox Breakout Board (2)Sending Messages Circuit ProtectionControlling Overvoltages with TVS Diodes Emerging Battery Testing ApproachesA New Era of Diagnostics AudiotronicsA First Preamplifier CANopenTermAn Open-Source Tool That Brings CAN to Makers and Engineers Alike Stabilization of Operational AmplifiersAvoiding Feedback Instability Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters Signal ConditioningTips and Tricks to Fit Voltage Ranges TDR Attachment for OscilloscopesLength, Short Circuit, Mismatch: Measure Cables Using Reflections! From Life's ExperienceLED It Be Speaker Oscillator and Resonance TesterA Fully Experimental Project for Your Speakers Elektor Community Perspectives on Test and Measurement ESP32 Audio Transceiver Board (Part 5)Audio Processing and Remote Control 2026: An AI OdysseyAI Has a Context Problem Battery Storage for Balcony Power PlantsSmall Batteries, Big Impact

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MDP-P906 has a built-in cooling fan, and maximum output power of up to 300 W, which meets a wider range of testing needs and application scenarios. Through 2.4 GHz wireless communication, it can be connected to MDP-M01 Smart Digital Monitor module to realize the free combination of multiple channels of 300 W per channel. MDP-P906 has the index, stability and reliability comparable to a professional power supply. It can output pure current, and provide powerful functions such as programmable output, timing output, timing control, automatic compensation, boost mode, etc., making itself a real cost-effective, smart and customized programmable linear DC power supply. MDP-P906 adopts a precision CNC machined aluminum alloy shell, with fine workmanship, novel, mini and beautiful appearance, it completely subverts the rigid image of traditional desktop power supply. With stackable modular design and wireless communication function, MDP-P906 can work independently or paired, both on the workbench, and be carried out for on-site maintenance. MDP-P906 is a perfect solution for electronic engineer, especially field application engineers to meet different needs of power sources. Built-in silent cooling fan, instant cooling, ensure a stable and efficient output! Smart linear compensation, constant voltage & constant current Positive & negative output, series boost, parallel current sharing Applications Universal tests and teaching experiments in R&D laboratory Maintenance of digital products Property verification and fault diagnosis of devices and circuits Emergency power supply for model airplanes and vehicles Power supply testing of RF and microwave circuits or modules Quality control and quality inspection Supply purified power for high-accuracy digital-analog hybrid circuits and Hi-Fi audio devices Specifications Input DC 4.2-30 V/14 A (Max)QC 3.0/PD2.0, 20 V/5 A (Max) Output 0-30 V/0-10 A, 300 W (Max) Conversion efficiency 95% Output resolution 10 mV/2 mA, up to 1 mV/1 mA via Display Control module Output accuracy 0.03%+5 mV0.05%+2 mV Adjustment rate Load adjustment rate <±0.01%Power adjustment rate <±0.01% Ripple and noise <250 uVrms, 3 mVpp; 2 mArms Transient response <4 uS Safety protections Input over-voltage, under-voltage, reverse connection protection, output over-current, back-flow protection and over-temperature protection Others Automatically shut-down and enter micro-power modeSupport USB firmware upgrade Dimensions 112 x 66 x 20 mm Weight 181 g Included 1x MDP-P906 Digital Power Supply 2x Output Cable 1x User Manual Downloads User Manual v1.1 Firmware v1.32

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An 8-in-1 test & measurement instrument for the electronics workbench A well-equipped electronics lab is crammed with power supplies, measuring devices, test equipment and signal generators. Wouldn‘t it be better to have one compact device for almost all tasks? Based on the Arduino, a PC interface is to be developed that’s as versatile as possible for measurement and control. It simply hangs on a USB cable and – depending on the software – forms the measuring head of a digital voltmeter or PC oscilloscope, a signal generator, an adjustable voltage source, a frequency counter, an ohmmeter, a capacitance meter, a characteristic curve recorder, and much more. The circuits and methods collected here are not only relevant for exactly these tasks in the "MSR" electronics lab, but many details can also be used within completely different contexts.

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The software simulation of gauges, control-knobs, meters and indicators which behave just like real hardware components on a PC’s screen is known as virtual instrumentation. In this book, the Delphi program is used to create these mimics and PIC based external sensors are connected via a USB/RS232 converter communication link to a PC. Detailed case studies in this Book include a virtual compass displayed on the PC’s screen, a virtual digital storage oscilloscope, virtual -50 to +125 degree C thermometer, and FFT sound analyser, a joystick mouse and many examples detailing virtual instrumentation Delphi components. Arizona’s embedded microcontrollers – the PIC's are used in the projects and include PIC16F84A, PIC16C71, DSPIC30F6012A, PIC16F877, PIC12F629 and the PIC16F887. Much use is made of Microchip’s 44 pin development board (a virtual instrument ‘engine)’, equipped with a PIC16F887 with an onboard potentiometer in conjunction with the PIC’s ADC to simulate the generation of a variable voltage from a sensor/transducer, a UART to enable PC RS232 communications and a bank of 8 LED's to monitor received data is also equipped with an ISP connector to which the ‘PICKIT 2’ programmer may easily be connected. Full source code examples are provided both for several different PIC’s, both in assembler and C, together with the Pascal code for the Delphi programs which use different 3rd party Delphi virtual components.

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