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Es ist heute nicht mehr ganz einfach, ein Buch über Röhren zu verfassen, da in den letzten Jahrzehnten viel Wissen über dieses interessante Gebiet verloren gegangen ist. Genau das aber ist einer der Gründe, warum dieses Buch geschrieben wurde. Der Autor hat sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, die für den Einsatz von Röhren im Audiobereich bedeutsamen theoretischen und praktischen Kenntnisse zu bündeln und darzustellen. Der Verfasser stützt sich dabei auf seine eigene und umfassende Erfahrung, die er in den vielen Jahren vor der breiten Einführung von Halbleitern durch intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Röhrentechnologie gewonnen hat. Selbstverständlich werden in den Schaltungsteilen, die nicht unmittelbar im Signalweg sitzen, die Vorzüge zeitgemäßer, aktiver elektronischer Bauteile wie Transistoren oder ICs gezielt ausgenutzt. Hinzu kommt die bevorzugte Verwendung hochqualitativer, moderner Ringkerntransformatoren. In den ersten Kapiteln dieses Bandes wird auf Produktionsverfahren und die Arbeitsweise von Röhren eingegangen, anschließend werden deren Grundschaltungen ausführlich besprochen. Das gewonnene Wissen erfährt in den folgenden Abschnitten eine theoretische Vertiefung bei der genaueren Betrachtung von Endstufen, Klangregelungen usw. Zudem wurden zwei gesonderte Kapitel aufgenommen, die sich mit Klirrverhalten und Verzerrungen, Rauschen, Mikrofonie und anderen Störgeräuschen befassen. In vier weiteren Kapiteln werden vollständige Verstärker-Entwürfe und die Dimensionierungsberechnungen aller Baugruppen im Einzelnen unter Hinweis auf die zugehörigen theoretischen Überlegungen der vorherigen Kapitel vorgestellt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass Röhrenverstärker physikalischen und mathematischen Gesetzen gehorchen, weit verbreitete Legenden und Mystifizierungen dagegen nichts zur Erhellung der funktionellen Zusammenhänge beitragen. Im Übrigen findet der Leser viele nützliche Hinweise bei der konkreten Umsetzung der jeweiligen Schaltung in ein funktionierendes Gerät und Hilfestellungen für die messtechnische Überprüfung der Resultate.

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Praktische Einführung in 3D-Modellierung vom Gehäuse bis zu Frontplatten Ein historisches Bauteil einbetten, eine professionell anmutende Heimstätte für eine Leiterplatte schaffen oder ein komplexes Gerät mit Chassis konstruieren – diese und viele andere Herausforderungen werden mit FreeCAD zu einem anregenden Vergnügen. Hat man die grundlegenden Prozesse erst einmal verinnerlicht, sind der Fantasie praktisch keine Grenzen mehr gesetzt. Der Einstieg in ein neues Programm ist immer schwierig – besonders wenn es sich um ein so vielfältiges Werkzeug wie FreeCAD handelt. Überschaubare, aber zugleich gut verwendbare Einzelteile liefern in diesem Buch den Anfangspunkt. Das Zusammensetzen dieser Komponenten führt später zu Baugruppen. In der Vielfalt der Möglichkeiten von FreeCAD wird ein gangbarer Weg gezeigt. Das beschriebene Vorgehen ist exemplarisch – die Beispiele lassen sich daher leicht auf eigene Aufgaben anwenden. Die Geräte wurden vom Autor angefertigt und mit Fotos illustriert. Eine 3D-Konstruktion erfordert etwas Aufwand, der sich aber lohnt: Neben einer beeindruckenden Darstellung von Projekten wird zugleich die Möglichkeit geliefert, z. B. Blechteile zur Fertigung abzuwickeln und für die Werkstatt aussagekräftige Zeichnungen zu exportieren. Schon bald werden Sie auf FreeCAD nicht mehr verzichten wollen!

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Hands-on in more than 50 projects STM32 Nucleo family of processors are manufactured by STMicroelectronics. These are low-cost ARM microcontroller development boards. This book is about developing projects using the popular STM32CubeIDE software with the Nucleo-L476RG development board. In the early Chapters of the book the architecture of the Nucleo family is briefly described. The book covers many projects using most features of the Nucleo-L476RG development board where the full software listings for the STM32CubeIDE are given for each project together with extensive descriptions. The projects range from simple flashing LEDs to more complex projects using modules, devices, and libraries such as GPIO, ADC, DAC, I²C, SPI, LCD, DMA, analogue inputs, power management, X-CUBE-MEMS1 library, DEBUGGING, and others. In addition, several projects are given using the popular Nucleo Expansion Boards. These Expansion Boards plug on top of the Nucleo development boards and provide sensors, relays, accelerometers, gyroscopes, Wi-Fi, and many others. Using an expansion board together with the X-CUBE-MEMS1 library simplifies the task of project development considerably. All the projects in the book have been tested and are working. The following sub-headings are given for each project: Project Title, Description, Aim, Block Diagram, Circuit Diagram, and Program Listing for the STM32CubeIDE. In this book you will learn about STM32 microcontroller architecture; the Nucleo-L476RG development board in projects using the STM32CubeIDE integrated software development tool; external and internal interrupts and DMA; DEBUG, a program developed using the STM32CubeIDE; the MCU in Sleep, Stop, and in Standby modes; Nucleo Expansion Boards with the Nucleo development boards. What you need a PC with Internet connection and a USB port; STM32CubeIDE software (available at STMicroelectronics website free of charge) the project source files, available from the book’s webpage hosted by Elektor; Nucleo-L476RG development board; simple electronic devices such as LEDs, temperature sensor, I²C and SPI chips, and a few more; Nucleo Expansion Boards (optional).

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Dit boek gaat over de Raspberry Pi, en over het programmeren in C. De programmeertaal C en het besturingssysteem Linux (Raspbian) passen uitstekend bij elkaar. Alles wat we nodig hebben om in C te programmeren wordt meegeleverd met het besturingssysteem van de Raspberry Pi. In dit boek leert u hoe C gebruikt wordt met de Raspberry Pi, en krijgt u een overzicht van de taal. WiringPi is een softwarebibliotheek voor de Raspberry Pi waarmee C hardware-uitbreidingen kan benaderen. Die bibliotheek wordt gebruikt om sensoren uit te lezen en om extra hardware aan te sturen. U gaat experimenteren met LED’s en schakelaars, met motoren, met geluid en met sensoren voor temperatuur, luchtdruk, en luchtvochtigheid. Met een Linux-systeem kunt u een webserver maken, inclusief interactieve websites met PHP en WiringPi. Daarom is ook een beknopt overzicht van HTML en PHP in het boek opgenomen. In de voorbeelden worden sensoren via het web uitgelezen en worden apparaten bestuurd. In het laatste voorbeeld wordt een temperatuurlogger gemaakt. Die meet elk kwartier de temperatuur. Een tabel met de meetwaarden kan via het web worden uitgelezen. Alle voorbeeldprogramma’s kunnen worden gedownload van de website van Elektor.

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History and Future in the Internet of Things This book thoroughly reviews the history of the development of embedded Operating Systems, covers the technical characteristics, historic facts, as well as background business stories of mainstream embedded Operating Systems, and analyzes the technical evolution, market development, and new opportunities of embedded Operating Systems in the age of the Internet of Things. From the perspective of time, the book examines the evolution of critical technical aspects, including real-time and Power Management of embedded Operating Systems and Linux, Internet of Things security, communication, and cloud computing. The book looks into applications of embedded Operating Systems with important markets of mobile phones, communication equipment, automobile, and wearable devices, and also discusses business model and the issue of intellectual property of embedded Operating Systems. In addition, the book walks through the status quo, technical features, product evaluation and background of the Internet of Things Operating Systems in the second half of the book.

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Der Autor zeigt in diesem Buch alle wichtigen Aspekte der Mikrocontroller-Programmierung, ohne den Leser mit unnötigen oder nebensächlichen Informationen zu überladen. Am Ende der Lektüre ist der Leser in der Lage, 8-Bit-Mikrocontroller zu verstehen und zu programmieren. Die Einführung in die Mikrocontroller-Programmierung dekliniert der Autor an Mikrocontrollern aus der PIC-Familie durch. Der PIC mit seinem 8-Bit-Design ist nicht auf dem modernsten technischen Stand, aber dafür einfach zu verstehen. Er wird in einem DIP-Gehäuse angeboten, ist überall erhältlich und nicht besonders komplex. Das gesamte Datenblatt des PICs ist um Dekaden kürzer als die Architekturbeschreibung, die den Prozessor eines fortgeschrittenen Mikrocontrollers beschreibt. Die Einfachheit hat ihre Vorteile. Wer versteht, wie ein Mikrocontroller grundlegend funktioniert, kann sich später in fortgeschrittene Softcores einarbeiten. Steht im ersten Teil des Buches Assembler als ausführende Programmiersprache im Vordergrund, so geht der Autor im zweiten Teil seines Buches vertiefend auf C ein. Quasi nebenbei entführt das Buch den Leser in die Tiefen der praktischen Arbeit mit Mikrocontrollern, erklärt interessante Messtechnik und zeigt Möglichkeiten zur Arbeitserleichterung und Fehlersuche.

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Technology is constantly changing. New microcontrollers become available every year. The one thing that has stayed the same is the C programming language used to program these microcontrollers. If you would like to learn this standard language to program microcontrollers, then this book is for you! Arduino is the hardware platform used to teach the C programming language as Arduino boards are available worldwide and contain the popular AVR microcontrollers from Atmel. Atmel Studio is used as the development environment for writing C programs for AVR microcontrollers. It is a full-featured integrated development environment (IDE) that uses the GCC C software tools for AVR microcontrollers and is free to download. At a glance: Start learning to program from the very first chapter No programming experience is necessary Learn by doing – type and run the example programs A fun way to learn the C programming language Ideal for electronic hobbyists, students and engineers wanting to learn the C programming language in an embedded environment on AVR microcontrollers Use the free full-featured Atmel Studio IDE software for Windows Write C programs for 8-bit AVR microcontrollers as found on the Arduino Uno and MEGA boards Example code runs on Arduino Uno and Arduino MEGA 2560 boards and can be adapted to run on other AVR microcontrollers or boards Use the AVR Dragon programmer/debugger in conjunction with Atmel Studio to debug C programs

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The intention of this book is to offer the reader understandings, ideas and solutions from the perspective of a workbench technician and electronics hobbyist. It is a descriptive text with many tables of useful data, servicing tips and supplementary notes of not so common knowledge. Today there is a re-emerging, nostalgic interest in vinyl records and associated music entertainment gear. With this interest, there is a paralleled market for the repair of this gear. This ‘hands-on’ servicing guide opens with fundamental considerations of the work space of repair and servicing. This includes a comprehensive discussion of essential test equipment and tools. Two chapters are devoted to obtaining servicing information about repair and obtaining spare parts. A key chapter is on general diagnosis and testing and includes the discussion of resistance, capacitance and inductance. These electrical properties are regularly in the mind of the repairer, so understanding of them is a key objective of this book. The next chapter is about time saving repair techniques and ensuring quality repair. The remaining chapters discuss entertainment equipment itself. Each of the chapters begins with an orderly discussion of the theory of operation and common and not so common problems specific to the equipment. All chapters conclude with a summary.

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Microcontrollers have become an indispensable part of modern electronics. They make things possible that vastly exceed what could be done previously. Innumerable applications show that almost nothing is impossible. There’s thus every reason to learn more about them, but that raises the question of where to find a good introduction to this fascinating technology. The answer is easy: this Microcontroller Basics book, combined with the 89S8252 Flash Board project published by Elektor Electronics. However, this book offers more than just a basic introduction. It clearly explains the technology using various microcontroller circuits and programs written in several different programming languages. Three microcontrollers from the 8051 family are used in the sample applications, ranging from the simple 89C2051 to the AN2131, which is designed to support USB applications. The programming tools include assemblers, Basic-52 and BASCOM-51, and several C compilers. Every reader can thus find the programming environment most suitable to his or her needs. In the course of the book, the reader gradually develops increased competence in converting his or her ideas into microcontroller circuitry. All of the sample programs can be downloaded from the Elektor Electronics website or the author’s website. That has the added advantage that the latest versions are always available.

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3rd Edition – Fully updated for Raspberry Pi 4 The Raspberry Pi is a very cheap but complete computer system that allows all sorts of electronics parts and extensions to be connected. This book addresses one of the strongest aspects of the Raspberry Pi: the ability to combine hands-on electronics and programming. Combine hands-on electronics and programming After a short introduction to the Raspberry Pi you proceed with installing the required software. The SD card that can be purchased in conjunction with this book contains everything to get started with the Raspberry Pi. At the side of the (optional) Windows PC, software is used which is free for downloading. The book continues with a concise introduction to the Linux operating system, after which you start programming in Bash, Python 3 and Javascript. Although the emphasis is on Python, the coverage is brief and to the point in all cases – just enabling you to grasp the essence of all projects and start adapting them to your requirements. All set, you can carry on with fun projects. The book is ideal for self-study No fewer than 45 exciting and compelling projects are discussed and elaborated in detail. From a flashing lights to driving an electromotor; from processing and generating analog signals to a lux meter and a temperature control. We also move to more complex projects like a motor speed controller, a web server with CGI, client-server applications and Xwindows programs. Each project has details of the way it got designed that way The process of reading, building, and programming not only provides insight into the Raspberry Pi, Python, and the electronic parts used, but also enables you to modify or extend the projects any way you like. Also, feel free to combine several projects into a larger design.

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In this book the author presents all essential aspects of microcontroller programming, without overloading the reader with unnecessary or quasi-relevant bits of information. Having read the book, you should be able to understand as well as program, 8-bit microcontrollers. The introduction to microcontroller programming is worked out using microcontrollers from the PIC series. Not exactly state-of-the-art with just 8 bits, the PIC micro has the advantage of being easy to comprehend. It is offered in a DIP enclosure, widely available and not overly complex. The entire datasheet of the PIC micro is shorter by decades than the description of the architecture outlining the processor section of an advanced microcontroller. Simplicity has its advantages here. Having mastered the fundamental operation of a microcontroller, you can easily enter into the realms of advanced softcores later. Having placed assembly code as the executive programming language in the foreground in the first part of the book, the author reaches a deeper level with ‘C’ in the second part. Cheerfully alongside the official subject matter, the book presents tips & tricks, interesting measurement technology, practical aspects of microcontroller programming, as well as hands-on options for easier working, debugging and faultfinding.

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Learning circuit design the fun way Welcome to the world of electronics! Getting started in electronics is not as difficult as you may think. Using this book, you will explore and learn the most important electrical and electronics engineering concepts in a fun way by doing various experiments and by simulating circuits. It will teach you electronics practically without getting into complex technical jargon and long calculations. As a result, you will be creating your own projects soon. No prior knowledge of electronics is required, only some basic algebra is used in a few simple calculations. Many tested and working projects and simulations are presented to familiarise yourself with the construction of electronic circuits. Circuit simulation is introduced at an early stage to enable you to experiment with circuits easily without breaking anything. You will learn: The concepts of voltage, current, and power AC and DC Basic lamp circuits with switches Passive components: resistors, capacitors & inductors RC & RCL circuits Electromagnetism Loudspeakers, relays, buzzers, and transformers Active components: diodes & LEDs, bipolar transistors & MOSFETs Transistor-based switching circuits Optocoupler circuits Astable & monostable multivibrators Using the 555 timer IC The operational amplifier Digital logic Advanced examples: amplifiers, oscillators, filters, and sensors Test and measurement tools Microcontrollers: Arduino UNO, ESP32, Raspberry Pi Pico, and Raspberry Pi Reading datasheets and best practices for selecting components EMC & EMI and norms & regulations

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