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Elektor GREEN en GOLD leden kunnen deze uitgave hier downloaden. Nog geen lid? Klik hier om een lidmaatschap af te sluiten. PbMonitor v2.0 updateBatterijbewaking met verbeterd analoog ontwerp Audio latency-metingEen tool om fouten en latency in audiotransmissie te checken Blokgolf versus Bode-diagramDe prestaties van een audioapparaat controleren embedded world 2026 Slim programmeren met AIAI in softwareontwikkeling voor elektronica-ontwikkelaars QA403-audioanalysatorBetaalbare precisie voor audioprofessionals en hobbyisten EasyGimbalAutonome cameratracking met AI, stappenmotoren en servomotoren Sigfox breakoutboard (2)Berichten verzenden CircuitbeschermingOverpanningspieken beheersen met TVS-diodes Nieuwe methoden voor het testen van batterijenEen nieuw tijdperk van diagnostiek AudiotronicaEen eerste voorversterker CANopenTermEen open-source tool die CAN toegankelijk maakt voor makers en technici Stabilisatie van operationele versterkersFeedbackinstabiliteit voorkomen Err-lectronicsCorrecties, updates en lezersbrieven SignaalconditioneringTips en tricks om spanningsbereiken aan te passen TDR-opzetstuk voor oscilloscopenLengte, kortsluiting, mismatch: kabels meten met behulp van reflecties! Uit het leven gegrepenLED it be Luidsprekeroscillator en resonantietesterEen volledig experimenteel project voor uw luidsprekers Visies van de Elektor-community op testen en meten ESP32 Audio tranceiver board (Deel 5)Audioverwerking en afstandsbediening 2026: Een AI-OdysseeAI heeft een contextprobleem Batterijopslag voor balkon-zonnepanelenKleine batterijen, grote impact

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Microcontrollers have become an indispensable part of modern electronics. They make things possible that vastly exceed what could be done previously. Innumerable applications show that almost nothing is impossible. There’s thus every reason to learn more about them, but that raises the question of where to find a good introduction to this fascinating technology. The answer is easy: this Microcontroller Basics book, combined with the 89S8252 Flash Board project published by Elektor Electronics. However, this book offers more than just a basic introduction. It clearly explains the technology using various microcontroller circuits and programs written in several different programming languages. Three microcontrollers from the 8051 family are used in the sample applications, ranging from the simple 89C2051 to the AN2131, which is designed to support USB applications. The programming tools include assemblers, Basic-52 and BASCOM-51, and several C compilers. Every reader can thus find the programming environment most suitable to his or her needs. In the course of the book, the reader gradually develops increased competence in converting his or her ideas into microcontroller circuitry. All of the sample programs can be downloaded from the Elektor Electronics website or the author’s website. That has the added advantage that the latest versions are always available.

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The UT196 True RMS solar multimeter is an ideal tool for solar power system maintenance. This rugged meter is designed for technicians who work in rugged outdoor environments. UT196 can measure up to 1700 V DC and 1500 V AC voltages, and 3000 A AC current with an external current clamp sensor. This solar meter offers IP65 protection and able to withstand 2 m drop as well. The UT196 solar multimeter is designed with 1700 V DC, 1500 Vrms AC overload protection and tested for safe usage in CAT III 1000 V, CAT IV 600 V environments. Features True RMS Measure up to 1700 V DC and 1500 V AC for high voltage applications e.g. solar array, wind IP65 protection CAT III 1000V, CAT IV 600 V Analog bar Frequency response: 45 Hz~1 kHz Low-pass filter function Low impedance mode Built-in flashlight, bright backlight and visual alarm Applications High DC voltage measurement Output voltage and frequency measurement Voltage and frequency measurement Current and frequency measurement Specifications Range UT196 DC voltage (V) 1700 V ±0.2% +5 AC voltage (V) 1500 V ±0.8% +3 Frequency (Hz) 1 MHz ±0.08% +4 Resistance (Ω) 60 MΩ ±0.8% +2 Capacitance (F) 60 mF ±1.9% +5 Power 9 V battery Dimensions 195 x 95 x 58 mm Included UT196 Solar Multimeter Battery Test leads Downloads Datasheet Manual

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A Hands-on Guide to Crafting Your Own Power Plant The book you are about to read provides a step-by-step guide for building a renewable energy power plant at home. Our goal was to make the book as practical as possible. The material is intended for immediate application with a small amount of theory. Yet, the theory is important as a foundation that saves time and effort by disabusing the readers of potential misconceptions. Specifically, upon having a firm understanding of photovoltaic physics, you will not be inclined to fruitlessly search for 90% efficient solar panels! We want our readers to be the “doers”. If the book gets covered in grime and some pages become torn while you are building your power plant – this is the best compliment to us. The book covers solar and wind energy. Also, a curious power source based on manure is discussed as well, giving the doers an opportunity to further develop the manure fuel cell. It is important to note that there are many companies offering installation of complete solar solutions. Upon installing the panels, the system is not owned by the customer. Therefore, there is no freedom for experimentation and optimization. Also, none can beat the cost of a DIY solution as well as the ultimate satisfaction. All that is written here is a result of us building a renewable energy solution in Southern California. As the book was completed, the energy began flowing!

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The Unitree G1 is a modern humanoid robot that impresses with its remarkable flexibility and advanced technology. With an exceptionally wide range of joint movement and up to 43 joint motors, it exceeds the agility of a typical human. Powered by imitation learning and reinforcement learning, its robotic systems are continuously developed and optimized through artificial intelligence. One of the G1's most impressive features is its ability to autonomously move into a walking position as soon as it touches the ground – no external assistance required! It can immediately start moving, demonstrating a high level of independence and adaptability. The G1 is also equipped with a force-controlled, highly dexterous hand that operates with both sensitivity and precision, thanks to its combination of force and position control. This hand closely mimics human movements, allowing for precise object manipulation. Features Intel RealSense D435 Depth Camera Livox MID-360 3D LiDAR Microphone array (noise and echo cancellation) 5 W stereo speaker Extra large quick release battery Single arm degrees of freedom (shoulder 2 + elbow 2) Hollow joint wiring of the whole machine (no external cables) Maximum torque at joints 120 N.m Single leg degrees of freedom (hip 3, knee 1, ankle 2) Moving speed of 2 m/s Specifications Height, Width and Thickness (Stand) 1320 x 450 x 200 mm Height, Width and Thickness (Fold) 690 x 450 x 300 mm Weight (with Battery) approx. 35 kg Total Degrees of Freedom（Joint Freedom 23 Single Leg Degrees of Freedom 6 Waist Degrees of Freedom 1 Single Arm Degrees of Freedom 5 Joint output bearing Industrial grade crossed roller bearings (high precision, high load capacity) Joint motor Low inertia high-speed internal rotor PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor – better response speed and heat dissipation) Maximum Torque of Knee Joint 90 N.m Arm Maximum Load approx. 2 kg Calf + Thigh Length 0.6 m Arm Span approx. 0.45 m Extra Large Joint Movement Space • Waist joint: Z ±155°• Knee joint: 0~165°• Hip joint: P ±154°, R -30~+170°, Y ±158° Full Joint Hollow Electrical Routing Yes Joint Encoder Dual encoder Cooling System Local air cooling Power Supply 13 string Lithium battery Basic Computing Power 8-core high-performance CPU Sensing Sensor Depth Camera + 3D LiDAR Microphones 4 Microphone Array Speaker 5 W stereo speaker Wireless WiFi 6, Bluetooth 5.2 Smart Battery (Quick Release) 9000 mAh Charger 54 V/5 A Manual Controller Yes Battery Life approx. 2 hours Upgraded Intelligent OTA Yes

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World’s Most Popular ROS Platform TurtleBot is the most popular open source robot for education and research. The new generation TurtleBot3 is a small, low cost, fully programmable, ROS based mobile robot. It is intended to be used for education, research, hobby and product prototyping. Affordable Cost TurtleBot was developed to meet the cost-conscious needs of schools, laboratories and companies. TurtleBot3 is the most affordable robot among the SLAM-able mobile robots equipped with a 360° Laser Distance Sensor LDS-01. ROS Standard The TurtleBot brand is managed by Open Robotics, which develops and maintains ROS. Nowadays, ROS has become the go-to platform for all the roboticists around the world. TurtleBot can be integrated with existing ROS-based robot components, but TurtleBot3 can be an affordable platform for whom want to get started learning ROS. Extensibility TurtleBot3 encourages users to customize its mechanical structure with some alternative options: open source embedded board (as a control board), computer and sensors. TurtleBot3 Waffle Pi is a two-wheeled differential drive type platform but it is able to be structurally and mechanically customized in many ways: Cars, Bikes, Trailers and so on. Extend your ideas beyond imagination with various SBC, sensors and motors on a scalable structure. Modular Actuator for Mobile Robot TurtleBot3 is able to get a precise spatial data by using 2 DYNAMIXEL’s in the wheel joints. DYNAMIXEL XM series can be operated by one of 6 operating modes (XL series: 4 operating modes): Velocity control mode for wheels, Torque control mode or Position control mode for joint, etc. DYNAMIXEL can be used even to make a mobile manipulator which is light but can be precisely controlled with velocity, torque and position control. DYNAMIXEL is a core component that makes TurtleBot3 perfect. It is easy to assemble, maintain, replace and reconfigure. Open Control Board for ROS The control board is open-sourced in hardware wise and in software wise for ROS communication. The open source control board OpenCR1.0 is powerful enough to control not only DYNAMIXEL’s but also ROBOTIS sensors that are frequently being used for basic recognition tasks in cost effective way. Various sensors such as Touch sensor, Infrared sensor, Color sensor and a handful more are available. The OpenCR1.0 has an IMU sensor inside the board so that it can enhance precise control for countless applications. The board has 3.3 V, 5 V, 12 V power supplies to reinforce the available computer device lineups. Open Source The hardware, firmware and software of TurtleBot3 are open source which means that users are welcomed to download, modify and share source codes. All components of TurtleBot3 are manufactured with injection molded plastic to achieve low cost, however, the 3D CAD data is also available for 3D printing. Specifications Maximum translational velocity 0.26 m/s Maximum rotational velocity 1.82 rad/s (104.27 deg/s) Maximum payload 30 kg Size (L x W x H) 281 x 306 x 141 mm Weight (+ SBC + Battery + Sensors) 1.8 kg Threshold of climbing 10 mm or lower Expected operating time 2h Expected charging time 2h 30m SBC (Single Board Computers) Raspberry Pi 4 (2 GB RAM) MCU 32-bit ARM Cortex-M7 with FPU (216 MHz, 462 DMIPS) Remote Controller RC-100B + BT-410 Set (Bluetooth 4, BLE) Actuator XL430-W210 LDS (Laser Distance Sensor) 360 Laser Distance Sensor LDS-01 or LDS-02 Camera Raspberry Pi Camera Module v2.1 IMU Gyroscope 3 AxisAccelerometer 3 Axis Power connectors 3.3 V/800 mA5 V/4 A12 V/1 A Expansion pins GPIO 18 pinsArduino 32 pin Peripheral 3x UART, 1x CAN, 1x SPI, 1x I²C, 5x ADC, 4x 5-pin OLLO DYNAMIXEL ports 3x RS485, 3x TTL Audio Several programmable beep sequences Programmable LEDs 4x User LED Status LEDs 1x Board status LED1x Arduino LED1x Power LED Buttons and Switches 2x Push buttons, 1x Reset button, 2x Dip switch Battery Lithium polymer 11.1 V 1800 mAh / 19.98 Wh 5C PC connection USB Firmware upgrade via USB / via JTAG Power adapter (SMPS) Input: 100-240 VAC 50/60 Hz, 1.5 A @maxOutput: 12 VDC, 5 A Downloads ROS Robot Programming GitHub E-Manual Community

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The FNIRSI DPS150 is a high-performance adjustable DC power supply that features a USB-C input interface and multiple power supply modes, allowing precise adjustment of output voltage (0-30 V) and current (0-5 A). It provides efficient, low-consumption, and stable output, equipped with multiple safety protection functions including overvoltage, overcurrent, overload, overheating, and reverse connection. It can be flexibly applied to serial connection of multiple devices, with rich and user-friendly display and operation, compact and portable design, meeting various application needs. Features 30 V, 5 A, 150 W variable DC power with 0.01 V, 0.001 A precision, CC/CV modes, and <20 mV ripple to protect sensitive electronics. Supports PC, QC, and DC inputs with programmable outputs and 6 preset voltage/current settings. Compatible with 4 mm banana plugs, U-shaped terminals, and copper wires for various equipment. 8 safety mechanisms including overvoltage, current, short circuit, and overheating protection. 2.8-inch HD IPS screen with 90° flip, numerical and curve displays for easy monitoring. Small, space-saving design for use in labs, repairs, and DIY projects. Specifications Input Voltage 5~32 V DC Input Current 100 mA-5 A Output Voltage 0-30 V Output Current 0~5 A Output Power 0-150 W Input Way PD fast charger QC fast charger Power bank DC power adapters Operating Environment 0-40°C Load Regulation 0.49% Full Load Efficiency 96.30% Display 2.8 inch (320 x 240) Dimensions 106 x 76 x 28 mm Weight 178 g Included 1x DPS150 Power Supply 2x Alligator clip wires (black & red) 1x C2C PD charging cable 1x 100 W PD GaN Adapter (EU) 1x Micro USB cable 1x Manual Downloads Manual Firmware V0.0.1

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With a capacity of 15,000 mAh, the Unitree Go2 battery provides a robust power source that enables your robot to complete tasks with ease. Whether for complex exploration, research projects, or fun excursions, this powerful battery delivers the energy your robot needs. The runtime of the Unitree Go2 battery varies depending on the application and usage. Based on the functions and activities employed, the battery can offer between 2 to 4 hours of operation. This flexibility allows you to customize the robot as needed, enabling longer exploration missions or more extensive projects. The Unitree Go2 battery is a reliable companion for your robotics adventures. With its impressive capacity and adaptable runtime, it ensures your robot performs powerfully and with endurance, without frequent recharging. Whether you need the Unitree Go2 battery as a replacement or an upgrade for your robot, this powerful energy storage solution provides the perfect balance of performance and reliability. Specifications Rated voltage: DC 28.8 V Limited charging voltage: DC 33.6 V Charging current: 9 A Rated capacity: 15,000 mAh, 432 Wh Standard: IS 16046 (Part 2) / IEC 62133-2 Self-developed battery management system (BMS) Dimensions: 120 x 80 x 182 mm Functions: Power indicator Self-discharge protection of battery storage Equilibrium charge protection Overcharge protection Discharge protection Short circuit protection Battery charge detection protection

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