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Over 45 Builds for the Legendary 555 Chip (and the 556, 558) The 555 timer IC, originally introduced by the Signetics Corporation around 1971, is sure to rank high among the most popular analog integrated circuits ever produced. Originally called the IC Time Machine, this chip has been used in many timer-related projects by countless people over decades. This book is all about designing projects based on the 555 timer IC. Over 45 fully tested and documented projects are presented. All projects have been fully tested by the author by constructing them individually on a breadboard. You are not expected to have any programming experiences for constructing or using the projects given in the book. However, it’s definitely useful to have some knowledge of basic electronics and the use of a breadboard for constructing and testing electronic circuits. Some of the projects in the book are: Alternately Flashing Two LEDs Changing LED Flashing Rate Touch Sensor On/Off Switch Switch On/Off Delay Light-Dependent Sound Dark/Light Switch Tone Burst Generator Long Duration Timer Chasing LEDs LED Roulette Game Traffic Lights Continuity Tester Electronic Lock Switch Contact Debouncing Toy Electronic Organ Multiple Sensor Alarm System Metronome Voltage Multipliers Electronic Dice 7-Segment Display Counter Motor Control 7-Segment Display Dice Electronic Siren Various Other Projects The projects given in the book can be modified or expanded by you for your very own applications. Electronic engineering students, people engaged in designing small electronic circuits, and electronic hobbyists should find the projects in the book instructive, fun, interesting, and useful.

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De mens is van nature uitgerust met sensoren voor geluid, licht, geur, smaak en gevoel. Zintuigen die met elektronica slechts ten dele gekopieerd kunnen worden. Met de Elektor sensorkit kunnen we wel aardig in de buurt komen. Sensoren kunnen elektronica aansturen, maar ze kunnen ons ook van informatie voorzien. Daarom vormt niet alleen het meten van grootheden, maar ook het zichtbaar maken ervan via de Arduino seriële monitor een niet onbelangrijk deel van dit boek. De microprocessor ATtiny85 die de Arduino-taal begrijpt, maakt het experimenteren met sensoren gemakkelijk en goedkoop. We zullen niet snel een Arduino-kaartje vast solderen in een permanente opstelling. Bij een achtpotige ATtiny zal dat geen schuldgevoel opleveren. Dat neemt niet weg dat alle sketches gewoon op elk Arduino-board draaien met mogelijk hier en daar een aanpassing van pennummers omdat die kunnen verschillen met reguliere Arduino-boards. We zullen uitgebreid aandacht besteden aan het programmeren van de ATtiny. Veel schakelingen zijn bruikbaar in het natuurkundepracticum op school of voor bedrijfsmatige toepassingen. Maar de nadruk ligt toch wel op de (beginnende) elektronicahobbyist die zijn vrije tijd op een leuke maar vooral ook nuttige manier wil besteden. Want meer dan ooit tevoren heeft techniek de toekomst.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new concept in intelligent automation and intelligent monitoring using the Internet as the communications medium. The “Things” in IoT usually refer to devices that have unique identifiers and are connected to the Internet to exchange information with each other. Such devices usually have sensors and/or actuators that can be used to collect data about their environments and to monitor and control their environments. The collected data can be processed locally or it can be sent to centralized servers or to the cloud for remote storage and processing. For example, a small device at the size of a matchbox can be used to collect data about the temperature, relative humidity and the atmospheric pressure. This data can be sent and stored in the cloud. Anyone with a mobile device can then access and monitor this data at any time and from anywhere on Earth provided there is Internet connectivity. In addition, users can for example, adjust the central heating remotely using their mobile devices and accessing the cloud. This book is written for students, for practising engineers and for hobbyists who want to learn more about the building blocks of an IoT system and also learn how to setup an IoT system using these blocks. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the IoT systems. In Chapter 2, the basic concepts and possible IoT architectures are discussed. The important parts of any IoT system are the sensors and actuators and they are described briefly in Chapter 3. The devices in an IoT system usually communicate with each other and the important aspect of IoT communication is covered in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 proceeds with the features of some of the commonly used development kits. One of these, the Clicker 2 for PIC18FJ manufactured by mikroElektronika, can be used as a processor in IoT systems and its features are described in detail in Chapter 6. A popular microcontroller C language, mikroC Pro for PIC gets introduced in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 covers the use of a click board with the Clicker 2 for PIC18FJ development kit. Similarly, the use of a sensor click board is described as a project in Chapter 9, and an actuator board in Chapter 10. Chapters 11 and 12 cover Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technologies in microcontroller based systems, and the remaining chapters of the book demo the creation of a simple Wi-Fi based IoT system with cloud-based data storage. This book has been written with the assumption that the reader has taken a course on digital logic design and has been exposed to writing programs using at least one high-level programming language. Knowledge of the C programming language will be very useful. Also, familiarity with at least one member of the PIC series of microcontrollers (e.g. PIC16 or PIC18) will be an advantage. The knowledge of assembly language programming is not required because all the projects in the book are based on using the C language. If you are a total beginner in programming you can still access the e-book, but first you are advised to study introductory books on microcontrollers.

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A Practical Guide to Tube Electronics Vacuum tubes continue to exert a special fascination. Their long-lasting operation, robustness, and characteristic behavior fundamentally distinguish them from modern semiconductor technology. Despite their age, tubes are by no means merely historical components; they are still used today in audio technology, measurement technology, and especially in hobbyist applications. This book is aimed at electronics enthusiasts and hobbyists who want to not only learn about and understand vacuum tubes in theory, but also use them in practice. It conveys the fundamentals of tube technology, explains the different designs and designations, shows typical circuits, and addresses power supplies, measurements, and safety-related aspects. The focus is on practical explanations and realistic examples from the workshop. Numerous tips help you avoid typical mistakes, build circuits, and understand tube devices and their construction. Basic knowledge of electronics is assumed. Vacuum Tubes: A Practical Guide to Tube Electronics offers an accessible and thorough introduction to tube technology – factual, comprehensible, and with a clear focus on practical applications.

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The SDRplay RSPdx-R2 is a wideband full featured single-tuner 14-bit SDR receiver which covers the entire RF spectrum from 1 kHz to 2 GHz giving up to 10 MHz of spectrum visibility. It contains three antenna ports, two of which use SMA connectors and operate across the full 1 kHz to 2 GHz range and the third uses a BNC connector which operates up to 200 MHz. The RSPdx-R2 is an enhanced version of the RSPdx with further design improvements for use at frequencies below 2 MHz. Housed in a strong steel case, in addition to the functionality of the RSP1B, the RSPdx-R2 provides three software selectable antenna inputs and an external clock input. It offers excellent performance through HF and VHF frequencies all the way up to 2 GHz. The RSPdx-R2 also supports an "HDR mode" optimised for the demanding radio reception conditions below 2 MHz. The RSPdx-R2, when used in conjunction with SDRplay’s own software, introduces a special HDR (High Dynamic Range) mode for reception within selected bands below 2 MHz. HDR mode delivers improved intermodulation performance and fewer spurious responses for those challenging bands. Features Covers all frequencies from 1 kHz through VLF, LF, MW, HF, VHF, UHF and L-band to 2 GHz, with no gaps Receive, monitor and record up to 10 MHz of spectrum at a time Significantly improved noise performance below 1 MHz (i.e. for some MF, LF and below) Improved dynamic range below 2 MHz both in tuner mode and HDR mode HDR mode below 2 MHz giving overall dynamic range and selectivity advantages Software selectable choice of 3 antenna ports External clock input for synchronisation purposes, or connection to GPS reference clock for extra frequency accuracy Excellent dynamic range for challenging reception conditions Free use of Windows-based SDRuno software (check website for versions supported) Free use of SDRconnect SDR and server software for Windows, MacOS and Linux (Check website for versions supported) Multiplatform driver and API support including Windows, Linux, Mac and Raspberry Pi 4/5 Strong and growing software support network Calibrated S meter/RF power and SNR measurement with SDRuno (including datalogging to .CSV file capability) Documented API provided to allow demodulator or application development on multiple platforms Applications (Amateur) Shortwave radio listening Broadcast DXing (AM/FM/TV) Panadaptor Aircraft (ADS-B and ATC) Slow Scan TV Multi-amateur band monitoring WSPR & digital modes Weather fax (HF and satellite) Satellite monitoring Geostationary environmental satellites Trunked radio Utility and emergency service monitoring Fast and effective antenna comparison Applications (Industrial) Spectrum Analyser Surveillance Wireless microphone monitoring RF surveying IoT receiver chain Signal logging RFI/EMC detection Broadcast integrity monitoring Spectrum monitoring Power measurement Applications (Educational/Scientific) Teaching Receiver design Radio astronomy Passive radar Ionosonde Spectrum analyser Receiver for IoT sensor projects Antenna research Specifications Frequency Range 1 kHz – 2 GHz Antenna Connector SMA Antenna Impedance 50 Ohms Current Consumption (Typical) 190 mA @ >60 MHz (excl. Bias-T)120 mA @ <60 MHz (excl. Bias-T) USB Connector USB-B Maximum Input Power +0 dBm Continuous+10 dBm Short Duration ADC Sample Rates 2-10.66 MSPS ADC Number of Bits 14 bit 2-6.048 MSPS12 bit 6.048-8.064 MSPS10 bit 8.064-9.216 MSPS8 bit >9.216 MSPS Bias-T 4.7 V100 mA guaranteed Reference 0.5ppm 24 MHz TCXOFrequency error trimmable to 0.01ppm in field Operating Temperature −10˚C to +60˚C Dimensions 113 x 94 x 35 mm Weight 315 g Downloads Datasheet Software RSPdx-R2 vs RSPduo RSPdx-R2 RSPduo Continuous coverage from 1 kHz to 2 GHz ✓ ✓ Up to 10 MHz visible bandwidth ✓ ✓ 14-bit ADC silicon technology plus multiple high-performance input filters ✓ ✓ Software selectable AM/FM & DAB broadcast band notch filters ✓ ✓ 4.7 V Bias-T for powering external remote antenna amplifier ✓ ✓ Powers over the USB cable with a simple type B socket ✓ ✓ 50Ω SMA antenna input(s) for 1 kHz to 2 GHz operation (software selectable) 2 2 Additional software selectable Hi-Z input for up to 30 Mhz operation ✓ Additional software selectable 50Ω BNC input for up to 200 MHz operation ✓ Additional LF/VLF filter for below 500 kHz ✓ 24 MHz reference clock input (+ output on RSPduo) ✓ ✓ Dual tuners enabling reception on 2 totally independent 2 MHz ranges ✓ Dual tuners enabling diversity reception using SDRuno ✓ Rugged black painted steel case ✓ ✓ Overall performance below 2 MHz for MW and LF ++ + Multiple simultaneous applications + ++ Performance in challenging fading conditions (*using diversity tuning) + *++

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Projects with Thonny-IDE, uPyCraft-IDE, and ESP32 The 'Python' programming language has enjoyed an enormous upswing in recent years. Not least, various single-board systems such as the Raspberry Pi have contributed to its popularity. But Python has also found widespread use in other fields, such as artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML). It is obvious, therefore, to use Python or the 'MicroPython' variant for use in SoCs (Systems on Chip) as well. Powerful controllers such as the ESP32 from Espressif Systems offer excellent performance as well as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionality at an affordable price. With these features, the Maker scene has been taken by storm. Compared to other controllers, the ESP32 has a significantly larger flash and SRAM memory, as well as a much higher CPU speed. Due to these characteristics, the chip is not only suitable for classic C applications, but also for programming with MicroPython. This book introduces the application of modern one-chip systems. In addition to the technical background, the focus is on MicroPython itself. After the introduction to the language, the programming skills learned are immediately put into practice. The individual projects are suitable for use in the laboratory as well as for everyday applications. So, in addition to the actual learning effect, the focus is also on the joy of building complete and useful devices. By using laboratory breadboards, circuits of all kinds can be realized with little effort, turning the testing and debugging of the 100% homebrew projects into an instructive pleasure. The various applications, such as weather stations, digital voltmeters, ultrasound range finders, RFID card readers or function generators, make the projects presented ideally suited for practical courses or subject and study work in the natural sciences, or in science and technology classes.

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. The RISC-V Open-Source Processor Architecture16 Boards and MCUs You Should Know An FPGA-Based Audio Player with Equalizer (1)Mixing Digital Audio with an Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 Laser Head for Pico-Based Sand ClockDrawing with Light Enter the STM32 Edge AI Contest A Multi-Sensor Environmental Monitoring System for PlantsWireless Measurement of Water Supply and Light Conditions Maixduino AI-Powered Automatic DoormanFace Detection with a Camera Embedded Electronics 2024AI Is Set to Redefine the Industry Charge-Based In-Memory Compute at EnCharge AI AI Inferencing at 10 Times Lower Power and 20 Fold Lower Cost Click Board Helps Develop and Train ML Models for Vibration Analysis The Elektor Mini-WheelieA Self-Balancing Robot Kit MCU, I See YouMCUViewer Open-Source Multiplatform Debugging Tool USB 2.0 IsolatorElectrically Isolated Connections for USB Devices Intervention Before DamagePredictive Maintenance in Practice SPoE – Electromagnetic CompatibilitySingle-Pair with Power-Over-Ethernet Through the Eyes of EMC Color TV: A Wonder of Its TimeCreating a New World ECG Graph MonitoringAn Implementation with Hexabitz Modules and an STM32CubeMonitor The Battle for AI at the Edge HaLow Hits Record 16-km Wi-Fi Distance at 900 MHz First CHERI RISC-V Embedded Chip and Early Access Programme Third-Generation Wildfire Detection Uses Satellite Links From Life’s ExperienceChoice Overload Starting Out in Electronics……Continues Filtering and Controls Tone Quasi-Analog ClockworkA Remake of an Elektor Classic A Modular Approach to Sensor TestingThe ESP32-S3-Based Sensor Evaluation Board 2025: An AI OdysseyThe Rise of Foundation Models and Their Role in Democratizing AI Raspberry Pi Standalone MIDI Synthesizer (1)Preparing a Platform for Some Edge AI Experiments Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters Universal AI RISC-V Processor Does It All — CPU, GPU, DSP, FPGA CEO Interview: Ventiva’s Thin and Cool Tech Dual-Core Programming with a Raspberry Pi PicoVenture Into the World of Parallel Programming

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Theory, LTspice Simulation, and Hands-On Projects MOSFETs are essential components in modern electronics, used in switching, amplification, motor control, power conversion, digital logic, and audio circuits. This book offers a practical introduction to MOSFET technology, combining clear explanations with LTspice simulations and hands-on projects. Starting with semiconductor fundamentals, you will learn how MOSFETs operate, how they compare with BJTs, and how to apply them in real circuits. The book then progresses from basic switching applications to more advanced designs. You will learn how to: Understand N-channel and P-channel MOSFET operation Work with cutoff, triode, and saturation regions Simulate and analyze circuits using LTspice Build switching circuits for LEDs, relays, buzzers, sensors, and motors Create sensor circuits for light, temperature, touch, tilt, reed switches, and PIR motion detection Control motors and fans using PWM and H-bridge circuits Design MOSFET small-signal amplifiers Build astable, Colpitts, Hartley, phase-shift, and Pierce oscillators Experiment with MOSFET digital logic Explore buck and boost DC-DC converters Understand the basics of MOSFET audio power amplifiers Written for engineers, students, and experienced makers, this book connects theory with simulation and practical construction, giving you the knowledge and experience to design and experiment with MOSFET circuits with confidence.

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Most people are increasingly confronted with the applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Music or video ratings, navigation systems, shopping advice, etc. are based on methods that can be attributed to this field. The term Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956 at an international conference known as the Dartmouth Summer Research Project. One basic approach was to model the functioning of the human brain and to construct advanced computer systems based on this. Soon it should be clear how the human mind works. Transferring it to a machine was considered only a small step. This notion proved to be a bit too optimistic. Nevertheless, the progress of modern AI, or rather its subspecialty called Machine Learning (ML), can no longer be denied. In this book, several different systems will be used to get to know the methods of machine learning in more detail. In addition to the PC, both the Raspberry Pi and the Maixduino will demonstrate their capabilities in the individual projects. In addition to applications such as object and facial recognition, practical systems such as bottle detectors, person counters, or a “talking eye” will also be created. The latter is capable of acoustically describing objects or faces that are detected automatically. For example, if a vehicle is in the field of view of the connected camera, the information 'I see a car!' is output via electronically generated speech. Such devices are highly interesting examples of how, for example, blind or severely visually impaired people can also benefit from AI systems.

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For Speed, Area, Power, and Reliability This book teaches the fundamentals of FPGA operation, covering basic CMOS transistor theory to designing digital FPGA chips using LUTs, flip-flops, and embedded memories. Ideal for electrical engineers aiming to design large digital chips using FPGA technology. Discover: The inner workings of FPGA architecture and functionality. Hardware Description Languages (HDL) like Verilog and VHDL. The EDA tool flow for converting HDL source into a functional FPGA chip design. Insider tips for reliable, low power, and high performance FPGA designs. Example designs include: Computer-to-FPGA UART serial communication. An open-source Sump3 logic analyzer implementation. A fully functional graphics controller. What you need: Digilent BASYS3 or similar FPGA eval board with an AMD/Xilinx FPGA. Vivado EDA tool suite (available for download from AMD website free of charge). Project source files available from author’s GitHub site.

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Concrétisez vos rêves, réalisez les projets les plus fous : un odomètre pour la roue de votre hamster, la surveillance complètement automatisée de votre fourmilière avec interface web, ou le Sandwich-O-Mat ? une machine qui grille les sandwichs de votre choix. Avec les cartes Arduino et le mouvement DIY (« fais-le toi-même ») ou maker, se mettre à programmer des microcontrôleurs est devenu un jeu d?enfant. Une deuxième révolution a eu lieu : des développeurs ingénieux ont mis sur le marché de petites cartes ? appelées « shields » ou modules ? qui simplifient considérablement l?utilisation d?autres dispositifs. Ces petits modules contiennent tous les composants électroniques nécessaires pour la connexion au microcontrôleur ; quelques fils avec des fiches suffisent pour le raccordement, ce qui évite d?avoir à câbler et fait gagner du temps. En outre, il est également possible de manipuler de minuscules composants dépourvus de pattes de connexion (ceux de type CMS). Projets Arduino et le monde extérieur Capteur BMP180, introduction aux bibliothèques et à l?I²C Initiation aux entrées/sorties avec un shield polyvalent Adaptateur I²C pour LCD et afficheurs à matrice de points Shield clavier & LCD Convertisseur de niveau W5100 : connexion à internet Shields d?extension des entrées/sorties Relais et relais statiques Shield multifonction : unité de commande universelle Connexion d?un lecteur de carte SD par SPI Touches et afficheurs à 7 segments Convertisseur analogique/numérique à 16 bits Convertisseur numérique/analogique MCP4725 Pilote de servomoteurs à 16 voies PWM Lecteur MP3 Enregistreur de données GPS avec stockage sur carte SD Capteur tactile Joystick SHT31 : température et humidité Capteur d?UV-A VEML6070 Temps de vol VL53L0X Mesure de distance à ultrasons Afficheur matriciel à LED à base de MAX7219 Horloge en temps réel DS3231 Circuit d?extension de port MCP23017 Communication radio à 433 MHz Gyroscope MPU-6050 Accéléromètre ADXL345 LED RVB WS2812 Cartes d?alimentation Capteurs de gaz MQ-xx Capteur de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) Capteur de courant ACS712 Capteur de courant INA219 Pilote de moteur L298 Kit RFID MFRC522 Moteur pas à pas 28BYJ-48 Carte avec pilote de moteur ultra-silencieux TMC2209 Potentiomètre numérique X9C10x Écran couleur TFT avec contrôleur/pilote ST7735 Écran à encre électronique Module Bluetooth Compteur Geiger Module GSM SIM800L Multiplexeur I²C Module CAN (Controller Area Network)

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Le téléchargement intégral de ce numéro est disponible pour nos membres GOLD et GREEN sur le site Elektor Magazine ! Pas encore membre ? Cliquez ici. STM32 Wireless Innovation Design Contest Winners : les gagnants LC mètre en circuitétude de prototype AmpVolt : module de mesure de puissance (1)mesure de la puissance CC et de la consommation énergétique jusqu'à 50 V et 5 A Embedded world 2024 réparation d'équipements électroniquesoutils, techniques et conseils démarrer en électronique...plus de théorie sur les ampli-op un générateur de signaux simplePure synthèse numérique directe Sparkplug en un coup d'œilune spécification pour les données MQTT contrôleur de tube cathodique éclairage à commande radarcomment éclairer automatiquement un escalier en détectant une présence humaine niveau à bulle électronique et disque stroboscopique actif pour platines vinylerégler votre platine vinyle avec cet outil tout-en-un explorer les défis et la valeur commerciale de l’électronique open source le connecteur circulaire codé Aune solution de choix pour les applications industrielles The Arduino-Inside Measurement Labun instrument de test et de mesure 8 en 1 pour le labo d’électronique analyseur de gain-phase avec une carte sonpour les fréquences de 100 Hz à 90 kHz mesure du pH avec l'Arduino UNO R4vérifier la qualité de l'eau sur le vifdouble détente oscilloscope numérique FNIRSI 1014Dde bonnes performances pour des budgets serrés 2024 : l'odyssée de l'IAdétection d'objets générateur de référence 10 MHztrès précis, avec distributeur et isolation galvanique mise à jour #2 : compteur d'énergie basé sur l'ESP32quelques améliorations projet 2.0corrections, Mises à jour, et Courrier des lecteurs entretien avec Eben Upton, PDG de Raspberry PiRaspberry Pi 5 et au delà

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