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Elektor GREEN en GOLD leden kunnen deze uitgave hier downloaden. Nog geen lid? Klik hier om een lidmaatschap af te sluiten. Een stroombron voor het testen van Z-diodesControle van Z-diodes van 1 tot 54 V bij 1 tot 50 mA ESD polsbandtesterEen testapparaat met indicatie voor ‘goed’, ‘grensgeval’ en ‘afgekeurd’ Testapparaat voor de respons op piekbelastingen van voedingenEen generator voor repeterende stapsgewijze belasting voor laboratoriumvoedingen Euclidische sequencer zonder microcontrollerTriggerpatronen en CV-sequenties met eenvoudige CMOS-logica LED-knipperlicht voor heksystemen en meer, inclusief geluidssignaal Printen nodig? De Elektor PCB-service staat voor u klaar Tandenborstel-timerMet een kleine PIC Een contactloos magnetisch combinatieslotMet de AS5600 rotatie-positie sensor Batterijgevoede ruisarme voorversterkervoor dynamische microfoons Het Arduino Nano testLabMeten, sturen en regelen Rhythmische basverlichtingBenadruk het ritme van je muziek Low-cut filterGeen risico op audio-terugkoppeling op uw systeem Nauwkeurige 1 Hz blokgolfgenerator voor breadboardsEen betrouwbare klokpuls op basis van CMOS 555 onderstebovenDutycycles tot nul Van Halfgeleidergids tot Circuit Specials65 jaar innovatie op het gebied van elektronica Elektrische isolatieCAN-interface met digitale isolator en voedingsmodule SpongillatorEen sponsgebaseerde oscillator Echte willekeurige getallengeneratorMet geïntegreerde chi-kwadraattoets 3D-viewer voor HTML-pagina'sEenvoudig en vrijwel zonder code Programmeren met TLScriptEen scripttaal voor metingen, tests en besturing Schakelingsontwerp: tips van experts FeedbackWat is het en waarom is het belangrijk? Eén board, eindeloze ideeën: Arduino UNO QVan retro-gaming tot realtime milieumonitoring Hoe u een donut-antenne repareert Standby-KillerEen echte aan/uit-schakelaar voor uw tv Batterijen testenBatterijen meten met de Arduino Nano Voeding voor audioversterkersEen goede voeding zonder netbrom HF prototype printplatenMaak zelf snel een prototype printplaat Type 3-overspanningsbeveiligingEen type 3-overspanningsbeveiliging voor uw gevoelige apparatuur IoT-kamerthermostaat boardMet een op ESP32-C3/S3 gebaseerde Xiao MCU-module Van star naar slimFlexibele en gedrukte elektronica, tussen visie en industriële realiteit

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World’s Most Popular ROS Platform TurtleBot is the most popular open source robot for education and research. The new generation TurtleBot3 is a small, low cost, fully programmable, ROS based mobile robot. It is intended to be used for education, research, hobby and product prototyping. Affordable Cost TurtleBot was developed to meet the cost-conscious needs of schools, laboratories and companies. TurtleBot3 is the most affordable robot among the SLAM-able mobile robots equipped with a 360° Laser Distance Sensor LDS-01. ROS Standard The TurtleBot brand is managed by Open Robotics, which develops and maintains ROS. Nowadays, ROS has become the go-to platform for all the roboticists around the world. TurtleBot can be integrated with existing ROS-based robot components, but TurtleBot3 can be an affordable platform for whom want to get started learning ROS. Extensibility TurtleBot3 encourages users to customize its mechanical structure with some alternative options: open source embedded board (as a control board), computer and sensors. TurtleBot3 Waffle Pi is a two-wheeled differential drive type platform but it is able to be structurally and mechanically customized in many ways: Cars, Bikes, Trailers and so on. Extend your ideas beyond imagination with various SBC, sensors and motors on a scalable structure. Modular Actuator for Mobile Robot TurtleBot3 is able to get a precise spatial data by using 2 DYNAMIXEL’s in the wheel joints. DYNAMIXEL XM series can be operated by one of 6 operating modes (XL series: 4 operating modes): Velocity control mode for wheels, Torque control mode or Position control mode for joint, etc. DYNAMIXEL can be used even to make a mobile manipulator which is light but can be precisely controlled with velocity, torque and position control. DYNAMIXEL is a core component that makes TurtleBot3 perfect. It is easy to assemble, maintain, replace and reconfigure. Open Control Board for ROS The control board is open-sourced in hardware wise and in software wise for ROS communication. The open source control board OpenCR1.0 is powerful enough to control not only DYNAMIXEL’s but also ROBOTIS sensors that are frequently being used for basic recognition tasks in cost effective way. Various sensors such as Touch sensor, Infrared sensor, Color sensor and a handful more are available. The OpenCR1.0 has an IMU sensor inside the board so that it can enhance precise control for countless applications. The board has 3.3 V, 5 V, 12 V power supplies to reinforce the available computer device lineups. Open Source The hardware, firmware and software of TurtleBot3 are open source which means that users are welcomed to download, modify and share source codes. All components of TurtleBot3 are manufactured with injection molded plastic to achieve low cost, however, the 3D CAD data is also available for 3D printing. Specifications Maximum translational velocity 0.26 m/s Maximum rotational velocity 1.82 rad/s (104.27 deg/s) Maximum payload 30 kg Size (L x W x H) 281 x 306 x 141 mm Weight (+ SBC + Battery + Sensors) 1.8 kg Threshold of climbing 10 mm or lower Expected operating time 2h Expected charging time 2h 30m SBC (Single Board Computers) Raspberry Pi 4 (2 GB RAM) MCU 32-bit ARM Cortex-M7 with FPU (216 MHz, 462 DMIPS) Remote Controller RC-100B + BT-410 Set (Bluetooth 4, BLE) Actuator XL430-W210 LDS (Laser Distance Sensor) 360 Laser Distance Sensor LDS-01 or LDS-02 Camera Raspberry Pi Camera Module v2.1 IMU Gyroscope 3 AxisAccelerometer 3 Axis Power connectors 3.3 V/800 mA5 V/4 A12 V/1 A Expansion pins GPIO 18 pinsArduino 32 pin Peripheral 3x UART, 1x CAN, 1x SPI, 1x I²C, 5x ADC, 4x 5-pin OLLO DYNAMIXEL ports 3x RS485, 3x TTL Audio Several programmable beep sequences Programmable LEDs 4x User LED Status LEDs 1x Board status LED1x Arduino LED1x Power LED Buttons and Switches 2x Push buttons, 1x Reset button, 2x Dip switch Battery Lithium polymer 11.1 V 1800 mAh / 19.98 Wh 5C PC connection USB Firmware upgrade via USB / via JTAG Power adapter (SMPS) Input: 100-240 VAC 50/60 Hz, 1.5 A @maxOutput: 12 VDC, 5 A Downloads ROS Robot Programming GitHub E-Manual Community

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. USB Measurement AdapterTesting Current and Signal Quality of USB Ports 4...20 mA Current Output for Arduino UnoA Reliable, EMI-Insensitive Current Loop Interface Vacuum Cleaner Automatic ControlKeep Your Tools’ Work Area Clean DDS Generator with ATtiny Opamp-Tester V2New PCB – Now Also Suitable for SMDs 550-mW “Lamp” Audio AmplifierGet the Warm Sound of Vacuum Tubes With Ease Fuse GuardMonitoring a Fuse with a Flashing LED HQ RIAA PreamplifierGet the Most Out of Your Vinyl Records! Turntable Speed CalibratorAn Arduino-Based 100–120 Hz Strobe Light Generator Elektor Classics: video buffer/repeater Infrared Remote-Controlled DimmerControl Your Halogen or LED Floor Lamp Effortlessly and With Style How to Use switch…case on Strings in C++/Arduino IDE Magnet FinderWith a Simple Hall-Effect Sensor Raspberry Pi Smart Power ButtonA Solution for Raspberry Pi Up to Model 4 Essential Maker TipsProfessional Insights for Everyday Making Practical Projects with the 555 TimerDC Motor Control and Fast Reaction Challenges Basic AC-Load-On MonitorSave Energy with a Simple Device Power Banks in ParallelA Three-Day Continuous Power Solution VFO Up to 15 MHzAn Implementation With Raspberry Pi Pico Violin Tuner with ATtiny202 Elektor Classics: video amplifier for B/W television sets Capacitance Meter20 pF to 600 nF Quasi-Analog Clockwork Mk IITwo LED Rings for Hours and Minutes You Can Do Anything You Want(with the Arduino Ecosystem at Your Side) Neon Lamp Dice Elektor Classics: RTTY calibrator indicator Inspiring Hardware Designs for Your ESPs Elektor Classics: variable 3 A power supply RGB LEDs with Integrated Control CircuitLight with Precision: ICLEDs Set Standards Experiment: Towards a Mixed-Signal Theremin?Blending Modern Time-of-Flight Sensors With the Timeless XR2206 Analog Generator ESP32 Audio Transceiver Board (Part 1)SD Card WAV File Player Demo Infographics: Circuits and Circuit Design 2025 Small Audio MixerA Simple and Versatile Scalable Design Smart Staircase Light TimerSave More Money on the Energy Bill! Smarten Up Your ShuttersControlling Velux Hardware With an ESP32 and MQTT Solid-State Foot WarmerEnergy-Efficient Comfort Is the M5Stamp Fly Quadcopter the Next Tello? Boosting Wi-Fi Range of the ESP32-C3 SuperMiniA Simple and Effective Antenna Mod ZD-8968 Hot-Air Soldering StationA Budget-Friendly Workhorse or Just Hot Air? Parking Sensor TesterFinding Defects in the PDC System of a Car

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. USB Measurement AdapterTesting Current and Signal Quality of USB Ports 4...20 mA Current Output for Arduino UnoA Reliable, EMI-Insensitive Current Loop Interface Vacuum Cleaner Automatic ControlKeep Your Tools’ Work Area Clean DDS Generator with ATtiny Opamp-Tester V2New PCB – Now Also Suitable for SMDs 550-mW “Lamp” Audio AmplifierGet the Warm Sound of Vacuum Tubes With Ease Fuse GuardMonitoring a Fuse with a Flashing LED HQ RIAA PreamplifierGet the Most Out of Your Vinyl Records! Turntable Speed CalibratorAn Arduino-Based 100–120 Hz Strobe Light Generator Elektor Classics: video buffer/repeater Infrared Remote-Controlled DimmerControl Your Halogen or LED Floor Lamp Effortlessly and With Style How to Use switch…case on Strings in C++/Arduino IDE Magnet FinderWith a Simple Hall-Effect Sensor Raspberry Pi Smart Power ButtonA Solution for Raspberry Pi Up to Model 4 Essential Maker TipsProfessional Insights for Everyday Making Practical Projects with the 555 TimerDC Motor Control and Fast Reaction Challenges Basic AC-Load-On MonitorSave Energy with a Simple Device Power Banks in ParallelA Three-Day Continuous Power Solution VFO Up to 15 MHzAn Implementation With Raspberry Pi Pico Violin Tuner with ATtiny202 Elektor Classics: video amplifier for B/W television sets Capacitance Meter20 pF to 600 nF Quasi-Analog Clockwork Mk IITwo LED Rings for Hours and Minutes You Can Do Anything You Want(with the Arduino Ecosystem at Your Side) Neon Lamp Dice Elektor Classics: RTTY calibrator indicator Inspiring Hardware Designs for Your ESPs Elektor Classics: variable 3 A power supply RGB LEDs with Integrated Control CircuitLight with Precision: ICLEDs Set Standards Experiment: Towards a Mixed-Signal Theremin?Blending Modern Time-of-Flight Sensors With the Timeless XR2206 Analog Generator ESP32 Audio Transceiver Board (Part 1)SD Card WAV File Player Demo Infographics: Circuits and Circuit Design 2025 Small Audio MixerA Simple and Versatile Scalable Design Smart Staircase Light TimerSave More Money on the Energy Bill! Smarten Up Your ShuttersControlling Velux Hardware With an ESP32 and MQTT Solid-State Foot WarmerEnergy-Efficient Comfort Is the M5Stamp Fly Quadcopter the Next Tello? Boosting Wi-Fi Range of the ESP32-C3 SuperMiniA Simple and Effective Antenna Mod ZD-8968 Hot-Air Soldering StationA Budget-Friendly Workhorse or Just Hot Air? Parking Sensor TesterFinding Defects in the PDC System of a Car

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Programming the Finite State Machine with 8-Bit PICs in Assembly and C Andrew Pratt provides a detailed introduction to programming PIC microcontrollers, as well as a thorough overview of the Finite State Machine (FSM) approach to programming. Most of the book uses assembly programming, but do not be deterred. The FSM gives a structure to a program, making it easy to plan, write, and modify. The last two chapters introduce programming in C, so you can make a direct comparison between the two techniques. The book references the relevant parts of the Microchip datasheet as familiarity with it is the best way to discover detailed information. This book is aimed at Microsoft Windows and Linux users. To keep your costs to a minimum and to simplify the toolchain, specific applications are provided as a free download to enable you to use an FTDI serial lead as the programmer. The assembler used is the open-source "gpasm". All programming can be done in a text editor. There are detailed instructions on how to perform the necessary installations on Windows, Linux Debian, and derivatives such as Ubuntu and Fedora. For programming in C, Microchip's XC8 compiler is used from the command line. In addition to the programming applications, two serial read and serial write applications can be used for communicating with the PICs from a computer. A voltmeter project including practical instructions on building a circuit board from scratch is included. All theory is covered beforehand, including how to do integer arithmetic in assembly. Two PICs are covered: the PIC12F1822 and the PIC16F1823. Both can run at 32 MHz with an internal oscillator. You do not need to buy a factory-made development board and programmer. With relatively inexpensive parts including a serial lead, microcontroller, a few resistors, and LEDs, you can get started exploring embedded programming. Links Updated Programmer

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A Fast-Lane Ride From Concept to Project The core of the book explains the use of the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W running the Python programming language, always in simple terms and backed by many tested and working example projects. On part of the reader, familiarity with the Python programming language and some experience with one of the Raspberry Pi computers will prove helpful. Although previous electronics experience is not required, some knowledge of basic electronics is beneficial, especially when venturing out to modify the projects for your own applications. Over 30 tested and working hardware-based projects are given in the book, covering the use of Wi-Fi, communication with smartphones and with a Raspberry Pi Pico W computer. Additionally, there are Bluetooth projects including elementary communication with smartphones and with the popular Arduino Uno. Both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are key features of the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W. Some of the topics covered in the book are: Raspberry Pi OS installation on an SD card Python program creation and execution on the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W Software-only examples of Python running on the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W Hardware-based projects including LCD and Sense HAT interfacing UDP and TCP Wi-Fi based projects for smartphone communication UDP-based project for Raspberry Pi Pico W communication Flask-based webserver project Cloud storage of captured temperature, humidity, and pressure data TFT projects Node-RED projects Interfacing to Alexa MQTT projects Bluetooth-based projects for smartphone and Arduino Uno communications

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Elektor GREEN en GOLD leden kunnen deze uitgave hier downloaden. Nog geen lid? Klik hier om een lidmaatschap af te sluiten. IoT-innovatie in galop Een E-Ink WiFi kleuren-fotolijst ESP-Launchpad tutorialvan nul tot flashen in een paar minuten ESP32 en ChatGPTop weg naar een zelf-programmerend systeem… Walkie-talkie met ESP-NOWniet echt WiFi, niet echt Bluetooth, maar... Van idee tot schakeling met de ESP32-S3zo bouw je een prototype met Espressif-chips AIoT chip-innovatieeen vraaggesprek met Teo Swee-Ann, CEO van Espressif Simuleer ESP32 met Wokwide digitale tweeling van je project Test van de ESP32-S3-BOX-3een uitgebreid AIoT-ontwikkelplatform voor je elektronica-werkplekoverwegingen en tips van Espressif-technici Het ESP RainMaker-verhaalhoe we “jouw” IoT-cloud bouwden Bouw van de Elektor Cloc 2.0een Elektor-product uitgepakt door Espressif De ESP32-P4 ontketendde volgende microcontroller-era Rust + embeddedeen krachtig ontwikkelduo Wie zijn de onvervaarde embedded Rust-ontwikkelaars?zo cultiveert Espressif embedded Rust voor de ESP32 de SoC-serie van Espressif Een PLC met oplossingen van Espressifmet de mogelijkheden en functionaliteit van het ISOBUS-protocol Het ESP32-S3 VGA-boardvolg Bitluni tijdens het ontwerpproces Acoustic fingerprinting met de ESP32songherkenning met het open-source project Olaf Ronde kerstboom 2023een high-tech manier om de feestdagen te vieren Een eenvoudiger en handiger leveneen amateurproject op basis van de ESP8266-module van Espressif IoT-apps bouwen zonder software-expertisemet het Blynk IoT-platform en Espressif-hardware Bouw een slimme gebruikersinterface op ESP32 Snelle en gemakkelijke IoT-ontwikkeling met M5Stack Prototype van een ESP32-gebaseerde energiemeter Een distributeur met meerwaarde voor IoT en meer Achter de schermen: vraaggesprek met Arduino over de Nano ESP32Alessandro Ranellucci en Martino Facchin over de samenwerking met Espressif achter de schermen van Espressif Stroomlijnen van MCU-ontwikkeling met ESP-IDF Privilege Separation Een open-source spraakherkenningsserver......en de ESP BOX Het denkende ooggezichtsherkenning en meer met de ESP32-S3-EYE Knoopcel-schakelaar met ESP32-C2prestatiegericht ontwerpen Matter stuwt het slimme huis voorwaartsontsluit het potentieel van Smart Home IoT Tech the Future: Waarheen met Smarthome IoT?

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The Red Pitaya (STEMlab) is a credit card-sized, open-source test and measurement board that can be used to replace most measurement instruments used in electronics laboratories. With a single click, the board can transform into a web-based oscilloscope, spectrum analyser, signal generator, LCR meter, Bode plotter, and microcontroller. The Red Pitaya (STEMlab) can replace the many pieces of expensive measurement equipment found at professional research organisations and teaching laboratories. The device, that based on Linux, includes an FPGA, digital signal processing (DSP), dual core ARM Cortex processor, signal acquisition and generation circuitry, micro USB socket, microSD card slot, RJ45 socket for Ethernet connection, and USB socket – all powered from an external mains adaptor. This book is an introduction to electronics. It aims to teach the principles and applications of basic electronics by carrying out real experiments using the Red Pitaya (STEMlab). The book includes many chapters on basic electronics and teaches the theory and use of electronic components including resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers in electronic circuits. Many fun and interesting Red Pitaya (STEMlab) experiments are included in the book. The book also makes an introduction to visual programming environment. The book is written for college level and first year university students studying electrical or electronic engineering.

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Kick off with the MAX1000 and VHDPlus Ready to Master FPGA Programming? In this guide, we’re diving into the world of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) – a configurable integrated circuit that can be programmed after manufacturing. Imagine bringing your ideas to life, from simple projects to complete microcontroller systems! Meet the MAX1000: a compact and budget-friendly FPGA development board packed with features like memory, user LEDs, push-buttons, and flexible I/O ports. It’s the ideal starting point for anyone wanting to learn about FPGAs and Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). In this book, you’ll get hands-on with the VHDPlus programming language – a simpler version of VHDL. We’ll work on practical projects using the MAX1000, helping you gain the skills and confidence to unleash your creativity. Get ready for an exciting journey! You’ll explore a variety of projects that highlight the true power of FPGAs. Let’s turn your ideas into reality and embark on your FPGA adventure – your journey starts now! Exciting Projects You’ll Find in This Book Arduino-Driven BCD to 7-Segment Display Decoder Use an Arduino Uno R4 to supply BCD data to the decoder, counting from 0 to 9 with a one-second delay Multiplexed 4-Digit Event Counter Create an event counter that displays the total count on a 4-digit display, incrementing with each button press PWM Waveform with Fixed Duty Cycle Generate a PWM waveform at 1 kHz with a fixed duty cycle of 50% Ultrasonic Distance Measurement Measure distances using an ultrasonic sensor, displaying the results on a 4-digit 7-segment LED Electronic Lock Build a simple electronic lock using combinational logic gates with push buttons and an LED output Temperature Sensor Monitor ambient temperature with a TMP36 sensor and display the readings on a 7-segment LED Downloads Software

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Program, build, and master over 50 projects with MicroPython and the RP2040 microprocessor The Raspberry Pi Pico is a high-performance microcontroller module designed especially for physical computing. Microcontrollers differ from single-board computers, like the Raspberry Pi 4, in not having an operating system. The Raspberry Pi Pico can be programmed to run a single task very efficiently within real-time control and monitoring applications requiring speed. The ‘Pico’ as we call it, is based on the fast, efficient, and low-cost dual-core ARM Cortex-M0+ RP2040 microcontroller chip running at up to 133 MHz and sporting 264 KB of SRAM, and 2 MB of Flash memory. Besides its large memory, the Pico has even more attractive features including a vast number of GPIO pins, and popular interface modules like ADC, SPI, I²C, UART, and PWM. To cap it all, the chip offers fast and accurate timing modules, a hardware debug interface, and an internal temperature sensor. The Raspberry Pi Pico is easily programmed using popular high-level languages such as MicroPython and or C/C++. This book is an introduction to using the Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller in conjunction with the MicroPython programming language. The Thonny development environment (IDE) is used in all the projects described. There are over 50 working and tested projects in the book, covering the following topics: Installing the MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico using a Raspberry Pi or a PC Timer interrupts and external interrupts Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) projects Using the internal temperature sensor and external temperature sensor chips Datalogging projects PWM, UART, I²C, and SPI projects Using Wi-Fi and apps to communicate with smartphones Using Bluetooth and apps to communicate with smartphones Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) projects All projects given in the book have been fully tested and are working. Only basic programming and electronics experience is required to follow the projects. Brief descriptions, block diagrams, detailed circuit diagrams, and full MicroPython program listings are given for all projects described. Readers can find the program listings on the Elektor web page created to support the book.

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Home Information SystemUsing Windows on a Raspberry Pi Starting with Node-REDAn open-source visual block-based programming tool Elektor Summer GiveAway Simple Function Generator: With Reverse-Order Signal Creation GreatScott! Builds a LoRa Alarm System Review: Joy-iT RD6006 Benchtop Power Supply Kit Review: The GreatFET One Interface Board Small Circuits Revival – XXLEscaped from the Suggestions Box Poorest Man's External 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi Antenna Simple On-Off Temperature Controller with Raspberry Pi HAT How to Take (Successful) Photos of ElectronicsShowing your projects in their best light Review: The I2CDriver Tool Review: JOY-iT Joy-View Portable Touchscreen LED Booster for MicrocontrollersWith just one component Experimental Ultrasonic Clothes Washer Review: The Joy-iT JDS2915 Signal GeneratorA 2-Channel Signal Generator and Frequency Counter Traffic Lights Programmed in PIC Assembly Code E-E-E-ternal Blinker Experimental Hall Sensor Tracing Shorts with the Milli-Ohm or ESR Meter Review: Elektor SDR Hands-on Kit Elektor Labs Pipeline Elektor KickstarterWell, you get the idea. Do You Really Need All That Stuff???This is where I spend many hours working on electronics projects Homelab Tours: The Kinetic Clock MakerStargate jigsawed! Hello, World! We’re Elektor, and We’re Social M4 + 2x A7 + GPU: An Unbalanced Dream TeamLatest STM32MP1-SoCs can tackle demanding applications Test Rig for 16F18877 & Similar Big PICs Inter-Microcontroller Traffic with the SPI Bus and ATmega328p Six Shades of LF/AF OSC (and the Miller’s Tale) BBC micro:bit Absolute Minimalist Oscilloscope with LED Display ‘Knight Rider’ LED Chaser with the ESP32 LW/MW AM Signal Generator with ATtiny13 Absolute Minimalist Dip Meter Photovoltaic Regulator UpdateNew function for measuring battery temperature Wireless SignallingTransmitting switching signals over LPR Ultrasonic Reverse Parking Aid with Arduino Uno Distortion Pedal with Op Amp and Space Charge Tubes Electronics Workspace Essentials Hexadoku Artificial Intelligence for Beginners (2)Neural networks with Linux and Python

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Modular and Scalable Control Systems Using Structured Text This book offers a structured and practical approach to modern PLC development using object-oriented principles. It is a guide for engineers, programmers, and students seeking to harness the power of object-oriented programming (OOP) in the context of industrial automation with PLCs. The content focuses on the CODESYS development environment and Structured Text (ST), both of which support modern programming techniques while maintaining compatibility with real-time automation requirements. Through step-by-step demos and instructional examples, it demonstrates how modular, reusable code can enhance development efficiency, simplify ongoing maintenance, and enable scalable and flexible control system architectures. Key topics include: Structured Text fundamentals: conditions, loops, arrays, and functions Object-oriented concepts: classes, methods, and inheritance Advanced techniques: polymorphism, interfaces, and access control Modular design with reusable components and structured program flow Implementation of finite state machines and scalable application design Built around instructional demos and clear explanations, this book helps readers develop maintainable and modern control software in the CODESYS environment using proven programming techniques.

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