Search results for "raspberry or pi or monitor or white or red"

This USB Logic Analyzer is an 8-channel logic analyzer with each input dual purposed for analog data recording. It is perfect for debugging and analyzing signals like I²C, UART, SPI, CAN and 1-Wire. It operates by sampling a digital input connected to a device under test (DUT) at a high sample rate. The connection to the PC is via USB. Specifications Channels 8 digital channels Maximum sampling rate 24 MHz Maximum input voltage 0~5 V Operating temperature 0~70°C Input impedance 1 MΩ || 10 pF Supported protocols I²C, SPI, UART, CAN, 1-Wire, etc. PC connection USB Dimensions 55 x 28 x 14 mm Included USB Logic Analyzer (8-ch, 24 MHz) USB Cable Jumper Wire Ribbon Cable Downloads Software

Read (+) (–)

Le téléchargement intégral de ce numéro est disponible pour nos membres GOLD et GREEN sur le site Elektor Magazine ! Pas encore membre ? Cliquez ici. programmation PIO sur le Raspberry Pi PicoNeuf instructions, de multiples possibilités l'IA en ligne de commandeDéveloppement, compilation et validation de projets embarqués depuis le terminal le Scrutiny DebuggerDéboguer, visualiser et tester du code C/C++ embarqué carte breakout Sigfox (1)Développement d’une BoB radio alimentation à faible bruit (2)Construction, assemblage et mise en œuvre pratique générateur de signaux simple basé sur le RP2040Signaux analogiques et numériques à la découverte du futur de la domotique avec Matter et l’IA EdgeLes dernières versions de Matter et l’essor de l’IA en périphérie de réseau (edge) donnent-ils enfin aux ingénieurs les outils nécessaires pour construire les maisons intelligentes et parfaitement intégrées promises aux utilisateurs ? capteurs de pression différentielleLa maintenance prédictive appliquée aux systèmes CVC la sécurité dès la conceptionPrincipes d’ingénierie pour limiter les défaillances la sécurité des systèmes embarqués n’est plus une option la CRA et la PQC redéfinissent les priorités de la sécurité embarquéePourquoi même les petites entreprises IoT et industrielles doivent prévoir une mise à niveau embedded world 2026Entretien avec Benedikt Weyerer, directeur d’embedded world prise en main du bus I3CUtilisation de matériel de ST et Microchip le projet BLEnkyPrototypage rapide d’applications Bluetooth Low Energy modulation de largeur d’impulsionDu thermostat tout ou rien à un signal analogique continu filtré audiotroniqueDes circuits audio agréables à l’écoute, à réaliser soi-même sur le vifLisez donc le manuel ! carte émetteur-récepteur audio ESP32 (4)Réglage des horloges et une option filaire 2026 : une odyssée de l’IAConséquences du vibe coding charge CC symétriqueCharge CC symétrique, statique ou dynamique comptage de visages avec MaixCAMUne méthode simple pour estimer la taille d’un public

Read (+) (–)

LoRa with the Raspberry Pi PicoFun with MicroPython What Is RISC-V?And Why the Industry Is So Excited About a New Processing Core! Elektor @ 60Circuits of Summer Past Versatile Power Supply for BreadboardsPositive and Negative Voltages Out of 5 V from USB Raspberry Pi Pico EssentialsSample Chapter: Wi-Fi with the Raspberry Pi Pico Magnetic Levitation the Easy Way Hands On the Parallax Propeller 2Part 3: Smart Pins and Serial Data (UART) Nucleo Boards Programming with the STM32CubeIDESample Chapter: FreeRTOS for the STM32 MCU Developer's ZoneTips & Tricks, Best Practices and Other Useful Information Miniware DT71 Digital Tweezers Wearable Wi-Fi Gadget: ESPHome Does the Job Again Starting out in ElectronicsEasier Than Imagined! This Concludes the Subject of “Capacitors” Simple Sketches Using the Qwiic Ecosystem Java on the Raspberry Pi (Part 2)Controlling GPIOs with a Spring REST Service Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4A Raspberry Pi for Industry Portable, Stand-Alone Air Quality Display for 2.5 µm ParticlesKeep(s) an Eye on Your Health From Life’s ExperienceThe Future Was Better in the Past MicroPython for the ESP32 and FriendsPart 1: Installation and Our First Programs Charge-Coupled Devices in OscilloscopesPeculiar Parts, the series ESD – The Invisible DestroyerComponents Trashed by a Bolt from the Blue Solar Power for Mowing RobotsEcological, Inexpensive, Simple! Europe’s Efforts to Tame Big Tech HexadokuThe Original Elektorized Sudoku

Read (+) (–)

Master digital electronics – the hands-on way! This bundle includes the book Learning Digital Electronics, featuring 20+ practical projects in Logic and Circuit design, as well as a 100-piece kit – so you can start building logic circuits, counters, displays, and more right away. Learning Digital Electronics (Book) This book is a practical guide to digital electronics, covering the essential components of modern digital systems: number systems, logic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential logic, and more. Through more than 20 structured projects, you’ll design and build digital systems using real-world components such as logic gates, multiplexers, decoders, flip-flops, counters, and shift registers. The projects range from basic LED logic circuits to digital locks, display systems, traffic light controllers, and timing-based designs. Selected projects introduce the use of tools such as CircuitVerse for circuit simulation, while several designs make use of 74HC-series logic devices, commonly used in digital hardware prototyping. Inside, you’ll find: Clear coverage of number systems and binary arithmetic Logic gate fundamentals and universal gate implementations Step-by-step projects using flip-flops, counters, and registers Real-world design with 74HC-series logic chips Techniques for designing combinational and sequential systems This book takes a design-first, application-driven approach to digital electronics—built around working circuits, tested logic, and hands-on experimentation. Learning Digital Electronics (Kit) This kit has been specially developed to complement the book "Learning Digital Electronics". Since all necessary components are included, you can complete every practical project in the book directly. Kit contents 2x 74HC08 AND gate chip 2x 74HC00 NAND gate chip 1x 74HC86 XOR gate chip 1x 555 timer chip 1x 74HC161 counter chip 1x 74HC164 shift register 1x CD4511 7-segment decoder 1x CD4027 JK flip-flop 1x BC337 NPN transistor 1x KPS-5161 7-segment common-cathode display 1x Light dependent resistor (LDR) 4x 10 KΩ resistors 8x 1 KΩ resistor 2x 47 KΩ resistors 1x 100 KΩ resistor 4x 2.7 KΩ resistors 1x 5.6 KΩ resistor 1x 150 KΩ resistor 1x 10 μF capacitor 2x 0.01 μF capacitor 2x 100 nF capacitor 8x Small red LED 1x Small green LED 1x Small orange LED 4x Pushbutton switches 1x Active buzzer 1x Battery holder for 3x AA batteries (batteries not included) 1x Breadboard 40x Male-to-male jumper wires (length: 200 mm)

Read (+) (–)

This complete STM32 microcontroller programming course features a textbook, a component kit, hands-on projects, and a comprehensive online course. It is ideal for step-by-step learning of embedded systems programming in MicroPython using a practical, hands-on approach. A Practical Introduction to Embedded Systems with the STM32 This course is designed for people who are new to embedded systems and looking for a structured, example-driven way to get started. A kit of parts comprising LEDs and resistors, switches, sensors and actuators, displays, a breadboard and wires, and more is included. These are used in the course to illustrate example applications. No prior experience with MicroPython or embedded development is required. Each section features hands-on examples and mini projects designed to reinforce key concepts and inspire deeper exploration. By the end of the course, you’ll be able not only to reproduce the examples but also to build on them with your own ideas and applications. What Will You Learn? Microcontroller programming in MicroPython on the STM32 using the Thonny IDE Working with Digital I/O, read buttons and encoders, control LEDs and relays Read analog inputs, voltages, and analog sensors Generating analog output signals and PWM Use serial communication like UART, I²C and SPI to control displays and read digital sensors and SD cards Managing time Working with interrupts Real-time sensor input and control via buttons, LEDs, and displays Control actuators like relays and servo motors Who Is It For? Students and self-learners exploring embedded systems Makers and IoT enthusiasts looking to improve their hardware skills Educators and trainers seeking ready-to-teach material What's Inside the Box? Access to the full course on the Elektor Academy Pro Learning Platform STM32 NUCLEO-F411RE microcontroller board Book: MicroPython for STM32 Downloadable project files for every module Component Box: 2× LED, red, 5 mm LED, green, 5 mm 3× Resistor, 470 Ω, 0.25 W LDR Potentiometer, 10 kΩ, linear Pushbutton Rotary encoder module Relay module DHT22 Humidity & Temperature Sensor TM1637-compatible 4-digit 7-segment display MPU-6050 IMU with headers SSD1306-compatible I²C OLED display Micro SD card adapter with header Buzzer SG90 Micro Servo ILI9341-compatible SPI 240×320 TFT display 20× Jumper wires Breadboard

Read (+) (–)

The Elektor Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board contains all the components (incl. Arduino Nano) required for the exercises in the "Microcontrollers Hands-on Course for Arduino Starters", such as light-emitting diodes, switches, pushbuttons, acoustic signal transmitters, etc. External sensors, motors or assemblies can also be queried or controlled with this microcontroller training system. Specifications (Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board) Power Supply Via the USB connection of the connected PC or an external power supply unit (not included) Operating Voltage +5 Vcc Input Voltage All inputs 0 V to +5 V VX1 and VX2 +8 V to +12 V (only when using an external power supply) Hardware periphery LCD 2x16 characters Potentiometer P1 & P2 JP3: selection of operating voltage of P1 & P2 Distributor SV4: Distributor for the operating voltagesSV5, SV6: Distributor for the inputs/outputs of the microcontroller Switches and buttons RESET button on the Arduino Nano module 6x pushbutton switches K1 ... K6 6x slide switches S1 ... S6 JP2: Connection of the switches with the inputs of the microcontroller Buzzer Piezo buzzer Buzzer1 with jumper on JP6 Indicator lights 11 x LED: Status indicator for the inputs/outputs LED L on the Arduino Nano module, connected to GPIO D13 JP6: Connection of LEDs LD10 ... LD20 with GPIOs D2 ... D12 Serial interfacesSPI & I²C JP4: Selection of the signal at pin X of the SPI connector SV12 SV9 to SV12: SPI interface (3.3 V/5 V) or I²C interface Switching output for external devices SV1, SV7: Switching output (maximum +24 V/160 mA, externally supplied) SV2: 2x13 pins for connection of external modules 3x3 LED matrix(9 red LEDs) SV3: Columns of the 3x3 LED matrix (outputs D6 ... D8) JP1: Connection of the rows with the GPIOs D3 ... D5 Software Library MCCABLib Control of hardware components (switches, buttons, LEDs, 3x3 LED matrix, buzzer) on the MCCAB Training Board Operating Temperature Up to +40 °C Dimensions 100 x 100 x 20 mm Specifications (Arduino Nano) Microcontroller ATmega328P Architecture AVR Operating Voltage 5 V Flash Memory 32 KB, of which 2 KB used by bootloader SRAM 2 KB Clock Speed 16 MHz Analog IN Pins 8 EEPROM 1 KB DC Current per I/O Pins 40 mA on one I/O pin, total maximum 200 mA on all pins together Input Voltage 7-12 V Digital I/O Pins 22 (6 of which are PWM) PWM Output 6 Power Consumption 19 mA Dimensions 18 x 45 mm Weight 7 g Included 1x Elektor Arduino Nano Training Board MCCAB 1x Arduino Nano

Read (+) (–)

The Elektor LoRa NodeVersatile, long-range, 868-MHz remote control with state feedback and STM32 Inside InteractiveCorrections & Updates || Questions & Answers Analogue Electronics DesignCase Study #1 — Section 2: Preamplifier optimized for MEMS microphone My IoT Button: A Button for the WebPart 1: IoT architecture BASIC for the ESP32 and ESP8266Programming with Annex WiFi RDS ESP32 Doorbell via Telegram“The UPS Man Always Rings Once” Small Circuits RevivalCapita Selecta from the Elektor Project Suggestions Box My First LoRaWANWith Blue Pill, LoRa Breakout Board and The Things Network Elektor Connexions 2003EL “A Strong Supporter of Open Internet”Interview with Wienke Giezeman, Initiator of The Things Network The Meadow F7 BoardA great board for .NET developers Practical ESP32 Multitasking (2)Task priorities Sigfox and the IoT (3)First steps on the network Raspberry Pi Bash Command Cheat Sheet Europe's Most Successful Start-up Accelerator?HighTechXL, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Review: The Enviro+ RPi-HATMeasure air quality with a Raspberry Pi and the Enviro+ HAT Steeped in Electronicsordering components from Ukraine and Russia Review: Andonstar AD407Better than its predecessor? Lab, Sweet LabA glimpse of The Holy Place — no unauthorized entry. Optical Probe for OscilloscopesMeasure brightness fluctuations of lighting systems The 'TABULA' Project - An UpdateTangibles with user feedback How-To Calculate the Prospective Short-Circuit Current or PSCCand choose the proper circuit breaker TMS1000 Series Microcontrollers Peculiar Parts, the series Starting Out in Electronics (2) Easier than imagined! Developer's ZoneTips & Tricks, Best Practices and Other Useful Information Locating Wayward Wires Track and trace concealed and defective cables with ease and certainty Review: Joy-IT DMSO2D72 Portable 3-in-1 Oscilloscope Homebrew PC for the Electronics LabTips on Component Choice and Construction The Elektor ‘Intelekt’ Chess Computer (1981)Tiny Chess 86 ported to the Intel 8088 Beyond ElectronicsPCB Art - Pushing the Limits of Industrial Manufacturing

Read (+) (–)

Realize your own projects with the Elektor Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board The microcontroller is probably the most fascinating subfield of electronics. Due to the multitude of functions, it combines on its chip, it is a universal multi-tool for developers to realize their projects. Practically every device of daily use today is controlled by a microcontroller. However, for an electronic layman, realizing his own ideas with a microcontroller has so far remained a pipe dream due to its complexity. The Arduino concept has largely simplified the use of microcontrollers, so that now even laymen can realize their own electronics ideas with a microcontroller. Book & Hardware in the Bundle: 'Learning by Doing' This book, which is included in the bundle, shows how you can realize your own projects with a microcontroller even without much experience in electronics and programming languages. It is a microcontrollers hands-on course for starters, because after an overview of the internals of the microcontroller and an introduction to the programming language C, the focus of the course is on the practical exercises. The reader acquires the necessary knowledge by 'learning by doing': in the extensive practical section with 12 projects and 46 exercises, what is learned in the front part of the book is underpinned with many examples. The exercises are structured in such a way that the user is given a task to solve using the knowledge built up in the theoretical part of the book. Each exercise is followed by a sample solution that is explained and commented on in detail, which helps the user to solve problems and compare it with his own solution. Arduino IDE The Arduino IDE is a software development environment that can be downloaded for free to your own PC and that contains the entire software package needed for your own microcontroller projects. You write your programs ('apps') with the IDE’s editor in the C programming language. You translate them into the bits and bytes that the microcontroller understands using the Arduino IDE's built-in compiler, and then load them into the microcontroller's memory on the Elektor Arduino MCCAB Nano Training Board via a USB cable. Query or control external sensors, motors or assemblies In addition to an Arduino Nano microcontroller module, the Elektor Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board contains all the components required for the exercises, such as light-emitting diodes, switches, pushbuttons, acoustic signal transmitters, etc. External sensors, motors or assemblies can also be queried or controlled with this microcontroller training system. Specifications (Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board) Power Supply Via the USB connection of the connected PC or an external power supply unit (not included) Operating Voltage +5 Vcc Input Voltage All inputs 0 V to +5 V VX1 and VX2 +8 V to +12 V (only when using an external power supply) Hardware periphery LCD 2x16 characters Potentiometer P1 & P2 JP3: selection of operating voltage of P1 & P2 Distributor SV4: Distributor for the operating voltagesSV5, SV6: Distributor for the inputs/outputs of the microcontroller Switches and buttons RESET button on the Arduino Nano module 6x pushbutton switches K1 ... K6 6x slide switches S1 ... S6 JP2: Connection of the switches with the inputs of the microcontroller Buzzer Piezo buzzer Buzzer1 with jumper on JP6 Indicator lights 11 x LED: Status indicator for the inputs/outputs LED L on the Arduino Nano module, connected to GPIO D13 JP6: Connection of LEDs LD10 ... LD20 with GPIOs D2 ... D12 Serial interfacesSPI & I²C JP4: Selection of the signal at pin X of the SPI connector SV12 SV9 to SV12: SPI interface (3.3 V/5 V) or I²C interface Switching output for external devices SV1, SV7: Switching output (maximum +24 V/160 mA, externally supplied) SV2: 2x13 pins for connection of external modules 3x3 LED matrix(9 red LEDs) SV3: Columns of the 3x3 LED matrix (outputs D6 ... D8) JP1: Connection of the rows with the GPIOs D3 ... D5 Software Library MCCABLib Control of hardware components (switches, buttons, LEDs, 3x3 LED matrix, buzzer) on the MCCAB Training Board Operating Temperature Up to +40 °C Dimensions 100 x 100 x 20 mm Specifications (Arduino Nano) Microcontroller ATmega328P Architecture AVR Operating Voltage 5 V Flash Memory 32 KB, of which 2 KB used by bootloader SRAM 2 KB Clock Speed 16 MHz Analog IN Pins 8 EEPROM 1 KB DC Current per I/O Pins 40 mA on one I/O pin, total maximum 200 mA on all pins together Input Voltage 7-12 V Digital I/O Pins 22 (6 of which are PWM) PWM Output 6 Power Consumption 19 mA Dimensions 18 x 45 mm Weight 7 g Included Elektor Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board Arduino Nano Book: Microcontrollers Hands-on Course for Arduino Starters

Read (+) (–)

From Simple Ciphers to Secure Systems Understanding how to apply cryptography on modern microcontrollers is essential for building secure, reliable, and trustworthy systems. This book explains cryptography in the context of embedded hardware, from classical ciphers that illustrate core principles to modern techniques such as AES for practical high-security applications. By combining mathematical theory with real-world microcontroller implementations, readers learn not only how cryptography works, but also how to implement it effectively on systems with limited processing power and memory. The book is intended for students starting out in cryptography, hobbyists securing personal projects, and engineers looking for a structured guide to embedded security. The book covers these key topics in applied cryptography: Classical ciphers on Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi Pico, with full programs: Spartan Scytale, Hebrew Atbash, Caesar, ROT13, Alberti Disk, Vigenère, Affine, Polybius, Playfair, Beaufort, Ottoman Codebook, and One-Time Pad. Hacking classical ciphers using microcontrollers, with examples. Pseudo-random (PRNG) and true random number generation (TRNG) on microcontrollers. Symmetric-key cryptography with full programs: DES and AES-128/256. Memory and speed constraints of cryptography on microcontrollers. Asymmetric cryptography: public/private keys, digital signatures, key distribution and derivation (KDF), RSA, and SHA-256 implementations. A complete secure communication program using RSA and AES-256. A glossary of commonly used cryptography terms.

Read (+) (–)

Raspberry Pi 5 provides two four-lane MIPI connectors, each of which can support either a camera or a display. These connectors use the same 22-way, 0.5 mm-pitch “mini” FPC format as the Compute Module Development Kit, and require adapter cables to connect to the 15-way, 1 mm-pitch “standard” format connectors on current Raspbery Pi camera and display products.These mini-to-standard adapter cables for cameras and displays (note that a camera cable should not be used with a display, and vice versa) are available in 200 mm, 300 mm and 500 mm lengths.

Read (+) (–)

Diese Ausgabe steht allen GOLD- und GREEN-Mitgliedern auf der ElektorMagazine-Website zum Download bereit! Sie sind noch kein Mitglied? Hier klicken! Der Raspberry Pi 5Gegenüber seinem Vorgänger enorm verbessert KI im ElektroniklaborSchaltungsdesign, Bauteil-Suche, Software Funktionsgenerator mit dem Arduino NanoNano + Code = Funktionsgenerator Solarbetriebene WeihnachtsgirlandeEine umweltfreundliche Lösung für die Dekoration Ihres Balkons USB-Killer-DetektorBesser sicher als traurig Ein einfaches CNC-GehäuseSchritt für Schritt mit Autodesk Fusion 360 Platinenproduktion in kleinen StückzahlenMit und ohne Bestückung IoT-Simulation vereinfacht mit WokwiEntwickler Uri Shaked über Entwicklung, Software und mehr Eine Anleitung zur Bare-Metal-ProgrammierungTeil 3: CMSIS-Header, automatische Tests und ein Webserver LoRa, ein Schweizer TaschenmesserTeil 2: Hard- und Software MEMS-MikrofoneEntwurf und Konstruktion eines Messmikrofons Werkzeuge zum Ausprobieren, bevor Sie lötenSimulations- und 3D-Modellierungstools, die kostenlos genutzt werden können Neue Tools von Microchip!Version 5 von PICkit und ICD jetzt erhältlich Rapid Prototyping von flexibler, dehnbarer ElektronikWie Voltera NOVA Innovationen bei tragbaren elektronischen Systemen beschleunigt Galvanische TrennungPhototransistor-Optokoppler erfolgreich einsetzen Die komplexe Lösung oder die Lösung von Anybus?Embedded Industrial Ethernet als Kurzstrecke statt als Marathon Ihre essentielle DFM-ChecklisteWie Sie mit dem Entwurf für die Fertigung beginnen Filamente für den 3D-DruckArten, Eigenschaften und Verwendung im Prototyping Spezialisten für eine effektive Signalauswertung von ELF bis EHF-BandAaronias neueste Echtzeit-Spektrumanalyzer der SPECTRAN® V6-Serie Herausforderungen der DFM-Analyse für Flex- und Rigid-Flex-Design Einrichten einer SMT-Fertigungsstrecke Die richtige Kombination für die zuverlässige Baugruppe Revolution in der IndustrieDer Aufstieg der Autonomen Mobilen Roboter (AMR) Für höchste Anforderungen weiterentwickeltR&S MXO 5 mit acht Kanälen ergänzt Oszilloskope der nächsten Generation Aller Anfang...... muss nicht schwer sein: Verstärkung von Unterschieden Mini-Reflow-PlatteFür die Bestückung und die Reparatur kleiner SMD-Schaltungen Starte nicht mit einem Prototyp – starte mit einem Pretotyp!Prüfe erst, ob es einen Markt für dein Produkt gibt, bevor du deinen Lötkolben vorwärmst 2023: Odyssee in die KIHilfe beim Entwerfen eines physikalischen Projekts erhalten Innovationen aus BrüsselUnterstützung für die Spitzentechnologie

Read (+) (–)

Elektor GREEN en GOLD leden kunnen deze uitgave hier downloaden. Nog geen lid? Klik hier om een lidmaatschap af te sluiten. PIO programmeren op de Raspberry Pi PicoNegen instructies, veel mogelijkheden AI buiten de browser brengenAI-CLI's gebruiken voor het coderen, compileren en valideren van embedded projecten De Scrutiny DebuggerDebuggen, visualiseren en testen van code in Embedded C/C++ Sigfox breakout board (1)Een zelfgebouwde radio BoB Low-Noise voeding (2)Constructie, montage en praktische implementatie Eenvoudige signaalgenerator met de RP2040Analoge en digitale signalen voor ongeveer €10 De toekomst van slimme huizen verkennen met Matter en Edge AIBieden de nieuwste updates van Matter en de opkomst van Edge AI technici eindelijk de tools om de intelligente, slimme huizen te bouwen die gebruikers zijn beloofd? Differentiële druksensorenVoorspellend onderhoud in HVAC-systemen Security by designTechnische basisprincipes beperken storingen Embedded security is niet langer optioneel CRA en PQC herzien prioriteiten voor embedded securityWaarom zelfs kleine IoT- en industriële bedrijven een upgradeplan nodig hebben embedded world 2026Een interview met Benedikt Weyerer, Executive Director embedded world Praktijkervaring met I3CGebruik van hardware van ST en Microchip Het BLEnky-projectSnelle prototyping voor Bluetooth Low Energy toepassingen Pulsbreedtemodulatievan een eenvoudige aan/uit-thermostaat naar een rimpelloos DC-signaal AudiotronicaOorstrelende elektronica voor zelfbouw Uit het leven gegrepenRead the f...ing manual! ESP32 audio transceiver board (Deel 4)Afstemmen van de kloksignalen en een bekabelde versie 2026: An AI OdysseyDe kater van Vibe-Coding in 2025 Symmetrische DC-belastingStatische of dynamische en symmetrische gelijkstroombelasting Gezichten tellen met MaixCAMEen eenvoudige methode om de omvang van het publiek vast te leggen

Read (+) (–)