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Practical Multitasking Fundamentals Programming embedded systems is difficult because of resource constraints and limited debugging facilities. Why develop your own Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) as well as your application when the proven FreeRTOS software is freely available? Why not start with a validated foundation? Every software developer knows that you must divide a difficult problem into smaller ones to conquer it. Using separate preemptive tasks and FreeRTOS communication mechanisms, a clean separation of functions is achieved within the entire application. This results in safe and maintainable designs. Practicing engineers and students alike can use this book and the ESP32 Arduino environment to wade into FreeRTOS concepts at a comfortable pace. The well-organized text enables you to master each concept before starting the next chapter. Practical breadboard experiments and schematics are included to bring the lessons home. Experience is the best teacher. Each chapter includes exercises to test your knowledge. The coverage of the FreeRTOS Application Programming Interface (API) is complete for the ESP32 Arduino environment. You can apply what you learn to other FreeRTOS environments, including Espressif’s ESP-IDF. The source code is available from GitHub. All of these resources put you in the driver’s seat when it is time to develop your next uber-cool ESP32 project. What you will learn: How preemptive scheduling works within FreeRTOS The Arduino startup “loopTask” Message queues FreeRTOS timers and the IDLE task The semaphore, mutex, and their differences The mailbox and its application Real-time task priorities and its effect Interrupt interaction and use with FreeRTOS Queue sets Notifying tasks with events Event groups Critical sections Task local storage The gatekeeper task

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Der Einstieg in die Elektronik ist einfacher, als Sie denken! Mit diesem Bundle – bestehend aus Buch und Experimentierkit – entdecken Sie die Grundlagen der Elektro- und Elektroniktechnik Schritt für Schritt. Anhand spannender Experimente lernen Sie praxisnah und verständlich, ganz ohne komplizierte Fachbegriffe oder langwierige Berechnungen. So sind Sie schon bald in der Lage, Ihre eigenen Elektronikprojekte umzusetzen! Das Kit enthält alle notwendigen Komponenten, um die meisten im Buch beschriebenen Schaltungen direkt auf dem Steckbrett aufzubauen und praktisch zu erproben. Das Kit kann selbstverständlich auch ohne das Buch zum Aufbau anderer Schaltkreise und zur Durchführung eigener Experimente verwendet werden. Inhalt des Kits 1x 39 Ω, 1 W Widerstand 1x 47 Ω Widerstand 1x 180 Ω Widerstand 1x 330 Ω Widerstand 3x 1 kΩ Widerstand 1x 2,2 kΩ Widerstand 1x 3,9 kΩ Widerstand 1x 6,8 kΩ Widerstand 1x 10 kΩ Widerstand 1x 15 kΩ Widerstand 1x 22 kΩ Widerstand 1x 33 kΩ Widerstand 1x 47 kΩ Widerstand 1x 56 kΩ Widerstand 1x 82 kΩ Widerstand 1x 120 kΩ Widerstand 1x 680 kΩ Widerstand 2x 100 kΩ Widerstand 1x 10 kΩ Trimmer 1x 10 kΩ Linearpotentiometer 1x 100 kΩ Linearpotentiometer 1x LDR 1x 1 nF Keramikkondensator 2x 10 nF Keramikkondensator 1x 100 nF Keramikkondensator 1x 1 µF, 25 V Aluminium-Elektrolytkondensator 2x 10 µF, 25 V Aluminium-Elektrolytkondensator 1x 100 µF, 25 V Aluminium-Elektrolytkondensator 1x 470 µF, 25 V Aluminium-Elektrolytkondensator 1x 1000 µF, 25 V Aluminium-Elektrolytkondensator 1x RGB-LED, Common-Cathode (CC) 1x 1N4148 Kleinsignaldiode 1x 1N4733A 5,1 V, 1 W Zenerdiode 3x LED, rot 2x BC337 NPN-Transistor 1x IRFZ44N N-Kanal-MOSFET 2x NE555-Timer 1x LM393-Komparator 1x 74HCT08 Quad-AND-Gatter 3x Tastschalter 2x SPDT-Schalter 1x Relais, SPDT, 9 VDC 1x Aktiver Summer 1x Passiver Summer 50 cm Massivdraht, 16 AWG, ohne Mantel 2x PP3 9 V Batterieclip 1x Steckbrett 20x Überbrückungskabel Dieses Bundle enthält: Buch: Schnelleinstieg in die Elektronik (Einzelpreis: 45 €) Kit: Schnelleinstieg in die Elektronik (Wert: 45 €)

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Hands-on in more than 50 projects STM32 Nucleo family of processors are manufactured by STMicroelectronics. These are low-cost ARM microcontroller development boards. This book is about developing projects using the popular STM32CubeIDE software with the Nucleo-L476RG development board. In the early Chapters of the book the architecture of the Nucleo family is briefly described. The book covers many projects using most features of the Nucleo-L476RG development board where the full software listings for the STM32CubeIDE are given for each project together with extensive descriptions. The projects range from simple flashing LEDs to more complex projects using modules, devices, and libraries such as GPIO, ADC, DAC, I²C, SPI, LCD, DMA, analogue inputs, power management, X-CUBE-MEMS1 library, DEBUGGING, and others. In addition, several projects are given using the popular Nucleo Expansion Boards. These Expansion Boards plug on top of the Nucleo development boards and provide sensors, relays, accelerometers, gyroscopes, Wi-Fi, and many others. Using an expansion board together with the X-CUBE-MEMS1 library simplifies the task of project development considerably. All the projects in the book have been tested and are working. The following sub-headings are given for each project: Project Title, Description, Aim, Block Diagram, Circuit Diagram, and Program Listing for the STM32CubeIDE. In this book you will learn about STM32 microcontroller architecture; the Nucleo-L476RG development board in projects using the STM32CubeIDE integrated software development tool; external and internal interrupts and DMA; DEBUG, a program developed using the STM32CubeIDE; the MCU in Sleep, Stop, and in Standby modes; Nucleo Expansion Boards with the Nucleo development boards. What you need a PC with Internet connection and a USB port; STM32CubeIDE software (available at STMicroelectronics website free of charge) the project source files, available from the book’s webpage hosted by Elektor; Nucleo-L476RG development board; simple electronic devices such as LEDs, temperature sensor, I²C and SPI chips, and a few more; Nucleo Expansion Boards (optional).

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De schrijver laat niet alleen beginners maar ook gevorderden op professionele wijze en met verstand van zaken kennismaken met dit uiterst interessant onderwerp. Ook hobbyisten of professionals die hun kennis willen verdiepen of uitbreiden, krijgen daartoe in dit boek volop mogelijkheid. De moderne state-of-the-art AVR-processoren van Atmel vormen in combinatie met programmering in C een platform dat gedurende lange tijd actueel zal blijven. Na een inleiding en een kennismaking met de vereiste ontwikkelomgeving komen projecten aan bod die stap voor stap naar het gewenste doel leiden. Voor de meeste projecten wordt het Mini-Megaboard gebruikt – een experimenteerprint die oorspronkelijk in het maandblad Elektor is beschreven. Dit garandeert dat de beschreven projecten probleemloos kunnen worden nagebouwd. Maar natuurlijk kunnen ook eigen experimenteerprinten worden gebruikt – een van de doelstellingen van dit boek is immers dat de lezer uiteindelijk zelfstandig eigen schakelingen kan ontwerpen en bouwen. Een greep uit de inhoud: De juiste microcontroller De ontwikkelomgeving De eerste experimenten met de ?C Het Mini-Mega-board Beginselen van I/O Vloeibaar-kristal-displays Seriële data-overdracht Analoge in- en uitvoer Programmasturing met interrupts Timers en counters Geheugenoperaties De seriële I²C-bus en SPI Voorbeeldprojecten

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The FNIRSI 2D15P is a compact 3-in-1 test tool combining a 2-channel digital oscilloscope, True RMS multimeter, and waveform generator in one device. With a 4.3" capacitive touchscreen, 100 MHz bandwidth, 500 MSa/s sampling rate, and up to 1,200 fps capture speed, it’s ideal for fast troubleshooting, signal analysis, and electronics testing. Features Dual-Channel Input (100 MHz single-channel, 50 MHz dual-channel operation) Selectable Memory Depths 20 MHz Bandwidth Limit Grayscale & Color Temperature Visualization Math Operations (Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, etc.) XY Mode & Infinite Persistence Cursor Function & 13 Auto Measurements Auto / Normal / Single Trigger Modes True RMS Multimeter (19,999 Counts) 10 MHz DDS Signal Generator Specifications General Display 4.3" IPS Capacitive Touchscreen Operation Touch + Knob + Physical Buttons Charging USB-C (12 V/1 A fast charging) Battery 5000 mAh Lithium battery Dimensions 19.6 x 12.9 x 5.7 cm Weight 1.1 kg Oscilloscope Channels 2 Analog Bandwidth 100 MHz Sample Rate 500 MSa/s Memory Depth 10K, 100K, 1M Input Impedance 1 MΩ Timebase Range 5ns - 50s Vertical Sensitivity 10 mV - 10 V/div Max Input Voltage 800 V (x10 Probe) Trigger Mode Auto, Normal, Single Trigger Type Rising, Falling, Both Edges Coupling AC/DC Persistence min / 2s / 5s / 10s / 20s / 50s / ∞ Math Operations Yes Waveform Capture Yes Waveform Export Yes Cursor Measurement Yes Multimeter DC Voltage 1.9999V / 19.999V / 199.99V / 1000V AC Voltage 1.9999V / 19.999V / 199.99V / 750.0V DC Current 19.999mA / 199.99mA / 1.9999A / 9.999A AC Current 19.999mA / 199.99mA / 1.9999A / 9.999A Resistance 19.999MΩ / 1.9999MΩ / 199.99KΩ / 19.999KΩ / 1.9999KΩ / 199.99Ω Capacitance 999.9uF / 99.99uF / 9.999uF / 999.9nF / 99.99nF / 9.999nF / 9.999mF / 99.99mF Diode Yes Continuity Yes Signal Generator Channels 1 Frequency 0–10 MHz Amplitude 0.1–3.0 Vpp Duty Cycle 0–100% Included 1x FNIRSI 2D15P Oscilloscope 2x P6100 Oscilloscope Probes 1x Multimeter Probe 1x Alligator Clip Probe 1x USB Data Cable 1x Manual Downloads Manual Firmware V2.7.0.7

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Zeitsteuerung, Scheduler, PIO und Zustandsmaschinen Multitasking ist der Schlüssel zu leistungsfähigen Embedded-Systemen, und zugleich eine der größten Herausforderungen in der Mikrocontroller-Programmierung. Dieses Buch zeigt Ihnen Schritt für Schritt, wie Sie von einem einfachen Ein-Task-Programm zu einem strukturierten, reaktionsfähigen und skalierbaren System gelangen. Dabei steht nicht nur das Wie, sondern vor allem das Warum im Mittelpunkt. Sie lernen: warum scheinbare Parallelität entsteht weshalb blockierende Programme instabil werden wie Aufgaben effizient und kontrolliert parallel ablaufen Ausgehend vom klassischen Superloop vermittelt das Buch moderne Multitasking-Strategien – von nicht-blockierender Programmierung und Tick-Systemen bis zu Task-Schedulern, Zustandsmaschinen und ereignisgesteuerten Konzepten. Der Fokus liegt auf der Praxis: Sensoren, Displays, Kommunikation und reale Anwendungen werden Schritt für Schritt integriert und mit verständlich kommentierten Beispielprogrammen erklärt. Fortgeschrittene Themen umfassen: Multicore-Programmierung mit dem Raspberry Pi Pico asynchrones Programmieren mit uasyncio RTOS-Grundlagen mit FreeRTOS die Kombination aus Multicore und RTOS Dabei werden auch die Grenzen dieser Techniken, insbesondere unter MicroPython, klar aufgezeigt. Das Buch richtet sich an ambitionierte Einsteiger und fortgeschrittene Entwickler, die Embedded-Systeme fundiert verstehen und robuste, wartbare Multitasking-Anwendungen entwickeln möchten.

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Vom Messwert zur stabilen Entscheidung Wie wird aus einem einfachen Mikrocontroller ein intelligentes System, das Sensorwerte erfasst, verarbeitet und sinnvoll darauf reagiert? Dieses Buch zeigt es Ihnen Schritt für Schritt – verständlich, praxisnah und ohne unnötige Vorkenntnisse. Sie beginnen mit den Grundlagen der digitalen und analogen Ein- und Ausgänge. Anschließend lernen Sie, wie Sensorwerte gelesen, geglättet und zuverlässig bewertet werden. Anschauliche Beispiele erklären, warum einzelne Messwerte oft täuschen können und wie Mittelwertbildung, Hysterese und einfache Entscheidungsregeln für stabile Ergebnisse sorgen. Nach und nach erweitern Sie Ihre Projekte um Displays, I²C-Kommunikation und mehrere vernetzte Mikrocontroller. So entstehen verteilte Systeme, in denen Raspberry Pi Pico und ATtiny-Controller Daten austauschen und gemeinsam Aufgaben übernehmen. Im fortgeschrittenen Teil erhalten Sie einen leicht verständlichen Einstieg in Merkmalsbildung, Datenvorverarbeitung, hybride Entscheidungsmodelle und TinyML-nahe Anwendungen. Dabei verbinden Sie klassische Regelungstechnik mit modernen datenbasierten Methoden. Alle Projekte werden von ausführlich kommentierten Programmen in C und MicroPython begleitet. Das Buch richtet sich an Einsteiger, Maker, Studierende und alle, die Embedded-Systeme von Grund auf verstehen möchten. Am Ende können Sie eigene Systeme entwickeln, die nicht nur messen, sondern Informationen auswerten, zuverlässige Entscheidungen treffen und gezielt reagieren.

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Over 45 Builds for the Legendary 555 Chip (and the 556, 558) The 555 timer IC, originally introduced by the Signetics Corporation around 1971, is sure to rank high among the most popular analog integrated circuits ever produced. Originally called the IC Time Machine, this chip has been used in many timer-related projects by countless people over decades. This book is all about designing projects based on the 555 timer IC. Over 45 fully tested and documented projects are presented. All projects have been fully tested by the author by constructing them individually on a breadboard. You are not expected to have any programming experiences for constructing or using the projects given in the book. However, it’s definitely useful to have some knowledge of basic electronics and the use of a breadboard for constructing and testing electronic circuits. Some of the projects in the book are: Alternately Flashing Two LEDs Changing LED Flashing Rate Touch Sensor On/Off Switch Switch On/Off Delay Light-Dependent Sound Dark/Light Switch Tone Burst Generator Long Duration Timer Chasing LEDs LED Roulette Game Traffic Lights Continuity Tester Electronic Lock Switch Contact Debouncing Toy Electronic Organ Multiple Sensor Alarm System Metronome Voltage Multipliers Electronic Dice 7-Segment Display Counter Motor Control 7-Segment Display Dice Electronic Siren Various Other Projects The projects given in the book can be modified or expanded by you for your very own applications. Electronic engineering students, people engaged in designing small electronic circuits, and electronic hobbyists should find the projects in the book instructive, fun, interesting, and useful.

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Practical Introduction to 3D Modeling from Enclosure to Front Panel Embedding a vintage component, creating a professional looking home for a circuit board, or even designing a complex apparatus complete with a chassis – these and many other challenges turn into a stimulating pleasure with FreeCAD. Once you have internalized the basic processes, there are virtually no limits to your imagination. Starting to use a new software is never straightforward – especially with a tool as versatile as FreeCAD. Manageable, but at the same time easily usable individual components provide the starting point in this book. Putting these components together later results in assemblies. In the FreeCAD universe, a workable trajectory is demonstrated. The described procedure is illustrative so the examples are easily applied to custom tasks. The devices were made by the author and illustrated with photos. Creating a 3D design is requiring some effort but the initial investment pays off soon. Besides the impressive spatial representation of the projects, the extracted drawings yield a solid base for documentation and production. Extended FreeCAD capabilities like the unfolding of sheet metal parts enormously add to efficiency and pushes models forward into practical assembly. Soon you will definitely not want to do without FreeCAD!

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Make your project dreams come true: an odometer for the hamster wheel, a fully automatic control of your ant farm with web interface, or the Sandwich-O-Mat – a machine that toasts and grills sandwiches of your choice. With the Arduino and the DIY or Maker movement, not only did entry into microcontroller programming become child's play, but a second development also took place: Resourceful developers brought small boards – so-called shields or modules – to the market, which greatly simplified the use of additional hardware. The small modules contain all the important electronic parts to be connected to the microcontroller with a few plug-in cables, eliminating the need for a fiddly and time-consuming assembly on the plug-in board. In addition, it is also possible to handle tiny components that do not have any connecting legs (so-called SMDs). Projects Discussed Arduino seeks connection BMP and introduction to libraries, I²C Learn I/O basics with the multi-purpose shield I²C LCD adapter and DOT matrix displays LCD keypad shield Level converter W5100: Internet connection I/O expansion shield Relays and solid-state relays The multi-function shield: A universal control unit Connecting an SD card reader via SPI Keys and 7-segment displays 16-bit ADC MCP4725 DAC 16-way PWM servo driver MP3 player GPS data logger using an SD card Touch sensor Joystick SHT31: Temperature and humidity VEML6070 UV-A sensor VL53L0X time-of-flight Ultrasonic distance meter MAX7219-based LED DOT matrix display DS3231 RTC Port expander MCP23017 433 MHz radio MPU-650 gyroscope ADXL345 accelerometer WS2812 RGB LEDs Power supply MQ-xx gas sensors CO2 gas sensor ACS712 current sensor INA219 current sensor L298 motor driver MFRC522 RFID 28BYJ-48 stepper motor TMC2209 silent step stick X9C10x digital potentiometer ST7735 in a color TFT display e-Paper display Bluetooth Geiger counter SIM800L GSM module I²C multiplexer Controller Area Network

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The XIAO ESP32-C3 board combines the ultra-compact form factor of the XIAO series with the full capabilities of the ESP32-C3 chip, including integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 5.0. This book is a comprehensive, hands-on guide to getting the most out of this powerful yet affordable development board. The author takes readers from the fundamentals to advanced projects. Starting with LED blinking and dimming, the book progresses to ADC and PWM for precise sensor interfacing and PWM-controlled lighting effects before moving on to building practical, real-world applications, including: A Wi-Fi weather station with an OLED display and real-time online weather data An ultrasonic parking assistant with audible feedback A refrigerator monitoring probe with climate sensing and Deep Sleep for years of battery operation A retro Pong game controlled by a touch-free sensor A microphone-based party app that responds to claps And much more: lighting control, reaction-time measurement, mains frequency analysis, soil moisture sensing, ambient LED lighting, and 7-segment displays

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A Practical Guide to Tube Electronics Vacuum tubes continue to exert a special fascination. Their long-lasting operation, robustness, and characteristic behavior fundamentally distinguish them from modern semiconductor technology. Despite their age, tubes are by no means merely historical components; they are still used today in audio technology, measurement technology, and especially in hobbyist applications. This book is aimed at electronics enthusiasts and hobbyists who want to not only learn about and understand vacuum tubes in theory, but also use them in practice. It conveys the fundamentals of tube technology, explains the different designs and designations, shows typical circuits, and addresses power supplies, measurements, and safety-related aspects. The focus is on practical explanations and realistic examples from the workshop. Numerous tips help you avoid typical mistakes, build circuits, and understand tube devices and their construction. Basic knowledge of electronics is assumed. Vacuum Tubes: A Practical Guide to Tube Electronics offers an accessible and thorough introduction to tube technology – factual, comprehensible, and with a clear focus on practical applications.

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