Practical Projects in Analog, Audio and Beyond
Discover a remarkable collection of more than 450 electronics projects published in Elektor Magazine and carefully selected by renowned Elektor Lab engineer Ton Giesberts.
The USB drive brings together a wide variety of circuits, designs, and practical project ideas created by numerous Elektor authors and engineers over the years. Covering a broad range of electronics topics, this extensive archive is a valuable source of knowledge and inspiration for engineers, makers, students, and electronics enthusiasts.
More than 450 selected Elektor projects
Carefully compiled by Elektor engineer Ton Giesberts
Ideal for building, experimenting, and discovering new ideas
Explore decades of Elektor expertise in one comprehensive project collection.
Highlights
Q-Watt Audio Power
Fortissimo-100 High-End Amplifier
Buffer Board for the Raspberry Pi 400
USB-to-Multi-Protocol Serial Converter
DDS Function Generator
AC/DC Power Meter
Charge-a-Phone
Specifications
Storage
8 GB
Connectors
1x USB-A1x USB-C
System requirements
PC with Adobe Reader 7.0 or higher
Web browser
Temporary Delay in the Delivery of Unitree Robots
Like many other suppliers, we are currently experiencing delays in the delivery of Unitree robots. A shipment from our supplier is currently held in customs, which has unfortunately led to later-than-planned deliveries for previously placed orders. We are actively working with our supplier to resolve this issue and expect more clarity soon, but at this time, we cannot provide any guarantees.
Additionally, a new shipment is already on its way, though it will take some time to arrive. Since other suppliers are facing similar challenges, switching to a different provider is unlikely to result in a faster solution. Our top priority remains fulfilling existing orders.
If you have any questions or would like to update your order, please do not hesitate to contact our customer service team. We will keep you informed of any further developments.
Unitree Go2 series consists of quadruped robots for the research & development of autonomous systems in the fields of human-robot interaction (HRI), SLAM & transportation. Due to the four legs, as well as the 12DOF, this robot can handle a variety of different terrains. The Go2 comes with a perfected drive & power management system, which enables a speed (depending on the version) of up to 3.7 m/s or 11.88 km/h with an operating time of up to 4 hours. Furthermore, the motors have a torque of 45 N.m at the body/thighs and at the knees, which also allow jumps or backflips.
Features
Super Recognition System: 4D LIDAR L1
Max Running Speed: approx. 5 m/s
Peak Joint Torque: approx. 45 N.m
Wireless Module: WiFi 6/Bluetooth/4G
Ultra-long battery Endurance: approx. 2-4 h (long battery life measured in real life)
Intelligent Side-follow System: ISS 2.0
Specifications
Tracking module: Remote-controlled or automatic tracking
Front camera: Image tansmission Resolution 1280x720, FOV 120°, Ultra wide angle lens deliver rich clarity
Front lamp: Brightly lights the way ahead
4D LiDAR L1: 360°x90° omnidirectional ultra-wide-angle scanning allows automatic avoidance with small blind spot and stable operation
12 knee joint motors: Strong and powerful, Beautiful and simple, Brandy new visual experience
Intercom microphone: Effective communication with no scenario restrictions
Self-retracting strap: Easy to carry and load things
More stable, more powerful with advanced devices: 3D LiDAR, 4G ESIM Card, WiFi 6 with Dual-band, Bluetooth 5.2 for stable connection and remote control
Powerful Computing Core: Motion controller, High-performance ARM processor, Improved Al algorithm processor, External ORIN NX/NANO
Smart battery: Standard 8000 mAh battery, Long-endurance 15000 mAh battery, Protection from over-temp, overcharge and short-circuit
Speaker for music play: Listen to music as your pleasure
Unitree Go2 Variants
The Go2 impresses not only with its technical capabilities, but also with a modern and slim design that gives it a futuristic look and makes it a real eye-catcher. The Go2 Air is specially designed for demos and presentations. With its basic features, it offers a solid basis for demonstrating the movement capabilities and functionality of a four-legged robot. Important: The Go2 Air is delivered without a controller. This can be purchased optionally.
With a powerful 8-core high-performance CPU, the Pro and Edu offer impressive computing power required for complex tasks and demanding calculations. This enables faster and more efficient data processing and makes the Pro and Edu a reliable partner for your projects.
From the Edu version onwards, the Go2 is programmable and opens up endless possibilities for developing and researching your own robotics applications. The Go2 is also able to handle a step height of up to 14 cm. This makes it an ideal tool for research, education and entry into the world of robotics.
The Go2 Edu comes with a remote controller that gives you easy and intuitive control. You also get a docking station with impressive computing power of 100 TOPS, which is equipped with powerful AI algorithms and offers you technical support.
Go2 Edu is equipped with a powerful 15000 mAh battery that gives it an impressive runtime of up to 4 hours. This long operating time allows the robot to carry out longer exploration missions and complete demanding tasks.
Model Comparison
Air
Pro
Edu/Edu Plus
Dimensions (standing)
70 x 31 x 40 cm
70 x 31 x 40 cm
70 x 31 x 40 cm
Dimensions (crouching)
76 x 31 x 20 cm
76 x 31 x 20 cm
76 x 31 x 20 cm
Material
Aluminium alloy + High strength engineering plastic
Aluminium alloy + High strength engineering plastic
Aluminium alloy + High strength engineering plastic
Weight (with battery)
about 15 kg
about 15 kg
about 15 kg
Voltage
28~33.6 V
28~33.6 V
28~33.6 V
Peaking capacity
about 3000 W
about 3000 W
about 3000 W
Payload
≈7 kg (MAX ~ 10 kg)
≈8 kg (MAX ~ 10 kg)
≈8 kg (MAX ~ 12 kg)
Speed
0~2.5 m/s
0~3.5 m/s
0~3.7 m/s (MAX ~ 5 m/s)
Max Climb Drop Height
about 15 cm
about 16 cm
about 16 cm
Max Climb Angle
30°
40°
40°
Basic Computing Power
N/A
8-core High-performance CPU
8-core High-performance CPU
Aluminum knee joint motor
12 set
12 set
12 set
Intra-joint circuit (knee)
✓
✓
✓
Joint Heat Pipe Cooler
✓
✓
✓
Range of Motion
Body: −48~48°
Body: −48~48°
Body: −48~48°
Thigh: −200°~90°
Thigh: −200°~90°
Thigh: −200°~90°
Shank: −156°~−48°
Shank: −156°~−48°
Shank: −156°~−48°
Max Torque
N/A
about 45 N.m
about 45 N.m
Super-wide-angle 3D LiDAR
✓
✓
✓
Wireless Vector Positioning Tracking Module
N/A
✓
✓
HD Wide-angle Camera
✓
✓
✓
Foot-end force sensor
N/A
N/A
✓
Basic Action
✓
✓
✓
Auto-scaling strap
N/A
✓
N/A
Upgraded Intelligent OTA
✓
✓
✓
RTT 2.0 Image Transmission
✓
✓
✓
App Basic Remote Control
✓
✓
✓
App Data Viewing
✓
✓
✓
App Graphical Programme
✓
✓
✓
Front Lamp (3 W)
✓
✓
✓
WiFi 6 with Dual-band
✓
✓
✓
Bluetooth 5.2/4.2/2.1
✓
✓
✓
4G Module
N/A
CN/GB
CN/GB
Voice Function
N/A
✓
✓
Music Playback
N/A
✓
✓
ISS 2.0 Intelligent side-follow system
N/A
✓
✓
Intelligent detection and avoidance
✓
✓
✓
Secondary development
N/A
N/A
✓
Manual controller
Optional
Optional
✓
High computing power module
N/A
N/A
Edu: 40 TOPS computing power
Edu Plus: 100 TOPS computing power
NVIDIA Jetson Orin (optional)
Smart Battery
Standard (8000 mAh)
Standard (8000 mAh)
Long endurance (15000 mAh)
Battery Life
1-2 h
1-2 h
2-4 h
Charger
Standard (33.6 V, 3.5 A)
Standard (33.6 V, 3.5 A)
Fast charge (33.6 V, 9 A)
Included
1x Unitree Go2 Edu
1x Unitree Go2 Remote Controller
1x Unitree Go2 Battery (15000 mAh)
1x Unitree Docking station with 40 TOPS computing power
Downloads
Documentation
iOS/Android apps
GitHub
Wilt u in enkele minuten een programma maken op uw PC, dat communiceert met een microcontroller? Dit boek, samen met de Piccolino en gratis software, maakt dat mogelijk!
Als hardware wordt gebruik gemaakt van de Piccolino. Dit is een prototype platform met een moderne PIC16F887 microcontroller, dat gebruikt kan worden om razendsnel microcontroller opstellingen te maken. Alle basisvoorzieningen zijn aanwezig op de Piccolino, en door middel van de headers kunnen extra onderdelen eenvoudig aangesloten worden.
De Piccolino wordt geprogrammeerd met de krachtige maar eenvoudig te leren gratis programmeertaal JAL. Deze taal wordt zowel door hobbyisten als professionals gebruikt. Bovendien is een serie projectboeken in deze taal verkrijgbaar, en een lesboek waarmee u JAL kunt leren. Aan de PC kant wordt gebruik gemaakt van de eveneens eenvoudig te leren gratis programmeertaal Small Basic van Microsoft. Deze taal is speciaal ontwikkeld om snel Windows programma's te kunnen ontwikkelen, ook voor mensen die weinig of geen PC programmeer ervaring hebben. U leert verschillende technieken om een PC met een microcontroller te laten communiceren zoals losse communicatie, het versterken en verzwakken van signalen, verwerken van valse metingen, master-slave communicatie en synchronisatie met geforceerde reset.
Behalve theorie staan in het boek ook 15 leuke en praktische projecten. Door de duidelijke uitleg en instructies kunt u deze projecten zelf uitbreiden en helemaal aan uw eigen wensen aanpassen. Een paar voorbeelden uit het boek:
Meet signalen en toon ze op de PC
Maak een eigen muis of keyboard besturing.
Meet en analyseer componenten (Spoel / Condensator / Transistor / OPAMP) met automatische grafieken op uw PC.
Bestuur een servomotor vanaf de PC.
Verzamel metingen in de Piccolino en zet ze later over naar uw PC.
De combinatie van theorie en praktijkvoorbeelden in dit boek zorgt er voor dat u voor elk interface-probleem een oplossing bij de hand hebt, of weet hoe u er een moet maken.
RFID technology has conquered many areas in which barcodes, magnetic strips and contact smartcards were used previously. Everyday applications, such as electronic ticketing, access cards, debit cards and electronic identity documents would not be possible without this technology.
MIFARE is the most widely used RFID technology, and this book provides a practical and comprehensive introduction to it. Among other things, the initial chapters cover physical fundamentals, relevant standards, RFID antenna design, security considerations and cryptography.
The complete design of a reader’s hardware and software is described in detail. The reader’s firmware and the associated PC software support programming using any .NET language. The specially developed PC program, “Smart Card Magic.NET”, is a simple development environment that supports sending commands to a card at the click of a mouse, as well as the ability to create C# scripts. Alternatively, one may follow all of the examples using Visual Studio 2010 Express Edition.
Finally, the major smart card reader API standards are introduced. The focus is on programming contactless smartcards using standard PC/SC readers using C/C++, Java and C#.
Einführung in die SPS-Programmierung mit dem Open-Source-Projekt auf dem Raspberry Pi und Modbus-Beispiele mit dem Arduino Uno und ESP8266
Die SPS-Programmierung ist heute in der Industrie und in der Hausautomation sehr weit verbreitet. In diesem Buch beschreibt der Autor, wie der Raspberry Pi 4 als SPS eingesetzt werden kann. Angefangen mit der Softwareinstallation auf dem Raspberry Pi und dem SPS-Editor auf dem PC geht es nach einer Beschreibung der Hardware an das Programmieren.
Es folgen interessante Beispiele nach IEC 61131-3 in den verschiedenen Programmiersprachen. Ausführlich wird auch erklärt, wie der SPS-Editor benutzt wird und wie die Programme auf den Raspberry Pi geladen und ausgeführt werden. Angefangen mit der Programmierung mit KOP (Kontaktplan) über ST (Structured Control Language) bis zu AS (Special Function Chart) werden alle IEC-Sprachen mit Beispielen behandelt. Diese können auf der Website des Autors heruntergeladen werden.
Auch die Vernetzung kommt nicht zu kurz. Der Arduino Uno und der ESP8266 werden als ModbusRTU- bzw. ModbusTCP-Module programmiert, um Zugriff auf externe Peripherie zu erhalten. Damit ist es möglich, Sensoren einzulesen und Verbraucher zu schalten. Interessant dürften auch E/A-Schaltungen sein, die dem 24V-Industriestandard entsprechen.
Befehlsübersichten für ST und KOP runden das Buch ab.
Nach dem Durcharbeiten des Buches ist der Leser in der Lage, eigene SPS-Steuerungen mit dem Raspberry Pi zu verwirklichen.
Raspberry Pi-based Eye Catcher
A standard sand clock just shows how time passes. In contrast, this Raspberry Pi Pico-controlled sand clock shows the exact time by “engraving” the four digits for hour and minute into the layer of sand. After an adjustable time the sand is flattened out by two vibration motors and everything begins all over again.
At the heart of the sand clock are two servo motors driving a writing pen through a pantograph mechanism. A third servo motor lifts the pen up and down. The sand container is equipped with two vibration motors to flatten the sand. The electronic part of the sand clock consists of a Raspberry Pi Pico and an RTC/driver board with a real-time clock, plus driver circuits for the servo motors.
A detailed construction manual is available for downloading.
Features
Dimensions: 135 x 110 x 80 mm
Build time: approx. 1.5 to 2 hours
Included
3x Precut acrylic sheets with all mechanical parts
3x Mini servo motors
2x Vibration motors
1x Raspberry Pi Pico
1x RTC/driver board with assembled parts
Nuts, bolts, spacers, and wires for the assembly
Fine-grained white sand
From SRPP and Mu-Follower to OTL Designs
Tube amplifiers suffer from distortion. Fortunately, circuits such as the SRPP amplifier, mu-follower, and beta-follower produce minimal distortion even at output voltages of 50 to 100 Vpeak.
These designs are often published with errors. Without a sound understanding of the theory, it is easy to arrive at a flawed design.
In the first section of this book, we investigate the origin of distortion, while in the second we investigate the design of and SRPP and a mu-follower.
On the internet we can find the most exotic designs. Evaluating them teaches us that these designs often make matters worse rather than better. In the chapter on incorrect SRPPs and mu-followers, we sometimes see bizarre and misguided designs where using a simple single-triode amplifier would perform much better.
Push-pull output stages also exist. A great number of them are examined, and their similarity to the SRPP is discussed. This is done especially with the help of the theory behind the OTL based on the ‘mother’ of all OTLs, the Philips HF303.
Finally, attention is given to frequency characteristics and technical matters such as the supply voltage and the filament power supply.
To illustrate these points, there are a few designs covering the subjects discussed.
This book presents much new theory that has not been published before. It is often an eye-opener, showing that many things have a beautiful and unexpected simplicity.
Learn to interface and program hardware devices in a wide range of useful applications, using ARM7 microcontrollers and the C programming language. Examples covered in full detail include a simple LED to a multi-megabyte SD card running the FAT file system.
Features of this book
Build prototype circuits on breadboard or Veroboard and interface to ARM microcontrollers.
A 32-bit ARM7 microcontroller is used in interfacing and software examples.
Interfacing principles apply to other ARM microcontrollers and other non-ARM microcontrollers as well.
Example programs are written in the C programming language.
Use only free or open source software.
Download and install all programming tools from the Internet.
Template project files are provided for easy project creation.
Hardware
Interface to LEDs, transistors, optocouplers, relays, solenoids, switches, keypads, LCD displays, seven segment displays, DC motors, stepper motors, external analogue signals using the ADC, RS232, RS-485, TWI, USB, SPI and SD memory cards.
Software
Once hardware has been interfaced to a microcontroller, software must be written to control the hardware. You will learn how to write programs to operate externally interfaced hardware devices, use timers and interrupts. Also learn how to port FAT file system code for use with an SD memory card, program the PWM to produce an audio sine wave, program the PWM to speed control a DC motor and more.
A chapter on more advanced ARM microcontrollers is included with an overview of some of the newest ARM microcontrollers and their features.
Schaltungen, Software und Empfangspraxis
Die Kurzwellen-Empfangstechnik entwickelt sich ständig weiter. Im Mai 2007 wurde von Elektor das "Software Defined Radio mit USB-Schnittstelle" vorgestellt. Ziel war ein möglichst einfacher Empfänger, der durch den Einsatz geeigneter Software überzeugende Empfangsergebnisse liefert. Die benötigten Programme stehen auf der Elektor-Website und im Internet gratis zur Verfügung. Schon nach wenigen Monaten hatte dieser neue Empfänger eine weite Verbreitung gefunden. Zahlreiche Software-Autoren unterstützten das Projekt. Auch Bedienungshinweise, Erweiterungen sowie Tipps und Tricks findet man im Netz.
Die Vielfalt der Möglichkeiten erschwert die Orientierung. Deshalb wurde dieses Buch geschrieben. Das Ziel ist ein Überblick über Aufbau, Software und Bedienung des SDR. Außerdem werden Selbstbauprojekte vorgestellt, die es erlauben, mit geringsten Kosten eigene Empfänger zu entwerfen; denn das Thema entwickelt sich laufend weiter...
DIE NEURONEN IN NEURONALEN NETZWERKEN VERSTEHENTeil 1. Künstliche Neuronen
EMV-VOR-KONFORMITÄTSTESTER FÜR IHR PROJEKT MIT DC-VERSORGUNGTeil 1: Was ist eine Netznachbildung?
ELEKTRONISCHE LAST FÜR DC UND ACBis zu 400 V und 10 A
ALLER ANFANG …ist gar nicht schwer!
NVIDIA JETSON NANO - BILDVERARBEITUNG FÜR EINSTEIGERTeil 1: Hard- und Software im Überblick
NETZTRANSFORMATOREN AUS DER NÄHE BETRACHTETWie verhalten sie sich beim Ein- und Ausschalten?
PICAN 3 - YES WE CAN!CAN-Zusatzboard für Raspberry Pi 4
BALKONKRAFTWERKSelbst installiert = schnell amortisiert!
FOTOGRAFIEREN UND VIDEO-STREAMING MIT DEM RASPBERRY PI 4Die High-Quality-Kamera des Raspberry Pi in der Praxis
VERWENDUNG VON DISPLAYS IN RASPBERRY-PI-PROJEKTENBeispiel-Kapitel: Organische Leuchtdioden-Displays (OLED)
PARALLAX PROPELLER 2Teil 4: Senden von Strings
60 JAHRE ELEKTOR: SEPTEMBER-RENAISSANCEDer Plan, der Plan, ein leerer Wahn ...
ZUTRITT FÜR UNBEFUGE VERBOTEN ERWÜNSCHTIn Friesland, wo die Röhren blühen ...
HYBRIDE SCHALTUNGENBemerkenswerte Bauteile
KOMPASSROSE MIT DEM GY-271Oder, warum man mit dem Handy Achten gehen muss…
KENNEN SIE IHREN FUSSABDRUCKBerechnen Sie die CO2-Bilanz Ihrer Elektronik
ESP32-VERBUNDENES THERMOSTATLagern Sie Ihren Wein bei der richtigen Temperatur!
MAGNETISCHE LEVITATION DIE DIGITALE ARTEin ESP32 Pico ersetzt den analogen Komparator
ULTIMATE ARDUINO UNO HARDWARE MANUALEin beispielhaftes Kapitel: Bootloader für den Haupt-Mikrocontroller
MICROPYTHON FÜR DEN ESP32 UND CO.Teil 2. Matrix-Displays einfach ansteuern
MADMACHINE SWIFTIO-KARTEModerne Sprache trifft moderne Hardware
AUS DEM LEBEN GEGRIFFENEine elektronische On/Off-Beziehung
HEXADOKUSudoku für Elektroniker
ModbusRTU and ModbusTCP examples with the Arduino Uno and ESP8266
Introduction to PLC programming with OpenPLC, the first fully open source Programmable Logic Controller on the Raspberry Pi, and Modbus examples with Arduino Uno and ESP8266
PLC programming is very common in industry and home automation. This book describes how the Raspberry Pi 4 can be used as a Programmable Logic Controller. Before taking you into the programming, the author starts with the software installation on the Raspberry Pi and the PLC editor on the PC, followed by a description of the hardware.
You'll then find interesting examples in the different programming languages complying with the IEC 61131-3 standard. This manual also explains in detail how to use the PLC editor and how to load and execute the programs on the Raspberry Pi. All IEC languages are explained with examples, starting with LD (Ladder Diagram) over ST (Structured Control Language) to SFC (Special Function Chart). All examples can be downloaded from the author's website.
Networking gets thorough attention too. The Arduino Uno and the ESP8266 are programmed as ModbusRTU or ModbusTCP modules to get access to external peripherals, reading sensors and switching electrical loads. I/O circuits complying with the 24 V industry standard may also be of interest for the reader.
The book ends with an overview of commands for ST and LD. After reading the book, the reader will be able to create his own controllers with the Raspberry Pi.
The Siglent SSA3075X Plus spectrum analyzer is a powerful and flexible tool for RF signal and network analysis. With a frequency range of 7.5 GHz, the analyzer delivers reliable automatic measurements and multiple modes of operation: spectrum analyzer the base, optional functions include RF power measurement, vector signal modulation analysis, reflection measurement, and EMI test.
Applications include broadcast monitoring/evaluation, site surveying, S-parameter measurement, analog/digital modulation analysis, EMI pre-compliance test, research and development, education, production, and maintenance.
Features
Spectrum Analyzer Frequency Range from 9 kHz to 7.5 GHz
–165 dBm/Hz Displayed Average Noise Level (Typ.)
–98 dBc/Hz. @ 10 kHz Offset Phase Noise (1 GHz, Typ.)
Level Measurement Uncertainty <0.7 dB (Typ.)
1 Hz Minimum Resolution Bandwidth (RBW)
Preamplifier (Std.)
Tracking Generator (incl. free of charge)
Analog and Digital Signal Modulation Analysis Mode (opt.)
Reflection Measurement Kit (opt.)
EMI Filter and Quasi-Peak Detector Kit (opt.)
Advanced Measurement Kit (opt.)
10.1-inch Multi-Touch Screen , Mouse and Keyboard supported
Web Browser Remote Control on PC and Mobile Terminals and File Operation
Specifications
SSA3015X Plus
SSA3021X Plus
SSA3032X Plus
SSA3075X Plus
Frequency Range
9 kHz ~ 1.5 GHz
9 kHz ~ 2.1 GHz
9 kHz ~ 3.2 GHz
9 kHz ~ 7.5 GHz
Resolution Bandwidth
1 Hz ~ 1 MHz
1 Hz ~ 1 MHz
1 Hz ~ 1 MHz
1 Hz ~ 3 MHz
Phase Noise
<–99 dBc/Hz
<–98 dBc/Hz
<–98 dBc/Hz
<–98 dBc/Hz
Total Amplitude Accuracy
<1.2 dB
<0.7 dB
<0.7 dB
<0.7 dB
Display Average Noise Level
–156 dBm/Hz
–161 dBm/Hz
–161 dBm/Hz
–165 dBm/Hz
Included
Siglent SSA3075X Plus spectrum analyzer
USB cable
Power cord
Quick start guide
Downloads
Datasheet
Manual
Documentation
Firmware