Principles, Systems, and Electronics
This handbook provides a detailed study of the sensors and actuators at the heart of modern vehicle electronics. It begins with basic electrical and electronic concepts, introducing the principles and terminology essential for understanding automotive systems.
The book explores sensors and actuators on a system-by-system basis, including:
Fundamentals of electrical engineering, electromagnetic phenomena, and motor principles
Passive and active electronic components, integrated circuits, protection devices, and automotive-grade electronics
Sensor characteristics, signal conditioning, ADCs, PWM and frequency outputs, and interface adaptation
Automotive communication links and protocols, including LIN and SENT
Engine sensors: air mass, pressure, temperature, speed, position, exhaust and emissions-related sensors
Transmission sensors for manual and automatic systems
Steering and suspension sensors for conventional and active systems
Vehicle body and electrical system sensors for comfort, climate, access, and monitoring functions
Engine actuators such as throttle bodies, injectors, turbo actuators, EGR systems, ignition components, and pumps
Transmission, brake, steering, suspension, and body actuators
Identification and coding of electronic components and packages commonly used in automotive applications
The structure and operating principles of each component are explained, with relevant electronic circuitry illustrated. Its system-oriented organization and practical focus make it a valuable reference for understanding, testing, and troubleshooting automotive electronic systems.
This multi-axis robot perfectly balances power and size.
Features
6 Axis
Payload: 3.5 kg
Reach: 700 mm
Repeatability: 0.1 mm
Max Speed 1000 mm/s
Applications
Machine Tending
Bin Picking
Mobile platform
Lab Automation
Robotic Research
Durable Collaborative robots for your automation
Industrial-grade harmonic drive and servomotors guarantee 24/7 working without stop.
Crafted from Carbon fiber, 15 kg weight makes it possible for easier deployment.
Flexible deployment with safe feature
Hand teaching, lightweight, space-saving and easy to re-deploy to multiple applications without changing your production layout. Perfectly for recurrent tasks.
Collision detection is available for all of our cobots. Your safety is always the top priority.
Graphical interface for beginner-friendly programming
Compatible with various of operation systems, including macOS and Windows.
Web-based technology compatible with all major browsers.
Drag and drop to create your code in minutes.
Powerful and open source SDK at your fingertips
Fully functional open-source Python/C++ SDK provides more flexible programming.
ROS/ROS2 packages are ready-to-go.
Example codes help you to deploy the robotic arm smoothly.
Specifications
UFactory 850
xArm 5
xArm 6
xArm 7
Payload
5 kg
3 kg
5 kg
3.5 kg
Reach
850 mm
700 mm
700 mm
700 mm
Degrees of freedom
6
5
6
7
Repeatability
±0.02 mm
±0.1 mm
±0.1 mm
±0.1 mm
Maximum Speed
1 m/s
1 m/s
1 m/s
1 m/s
Weight (robot arm only)
20 kg
11.2 kg
12.2 kg
13.7 kg
Maximum Speed
180°/s
180°/s
180°/s
180°/s
Joint 1
±360°
±360°
±360°
±360°
Joint 2
-132°~132°
-118°~120°
-118°~120°
-118°~120°
Joint 3
-242°~3.5°
-225°~11°
-225°~11°
±360°
Joint 4
±360°
-97°~180°
±360°
-11°~225°
Joint 5
-124°~124°
±360°
-97°~180°
±360°
Joint 6
±360°
±360°
-97°~180°
Joint 7
±360°
Hardware
Ambient Temperature Range
0-50°C
Power Consumption
Min 8.4 W, Typical 200 W, max 400 W
Input Power Supply
24 V DC, 16.5 A
Footprint
Ø 126 mm
Materials
Aluminum, Carbon Fiber
Base Connector Type
M5x5
ISO Class Cleanroom
5
Robot Mounting
Any
End Effector Communication Protocol
Modbus RTU(rs485)
End Effector I/O
2x DI/2x DO/2x AI/1x RS485
Communication Mode
Ethernet
Included
1x xArm 7 robotic arm
1x AC control box
1x Robotic arm power cable
1x Robotic arm end effector adapter cable
1x Robotic arm signal cable
1x Control box power cable
1x Network cable
1x Mounting tool
1x Quick start guide
SPD3000X Series Linear Programmable DC Power Supply has a 4.3-inches TFT LCD display, Supports Programmability and Real Time Wave Display, bringing a new experience to users. It has three isolated outputs: two adjustable channels and one selectable channel from 2.5V, 3.3V, and 5V. It also has output short and overload protect function, and can be used in production and development.
Features
3 independent controlled and isolated output, 32V/3.2A×2, 2.5V/3.3V/5V/3.2A×1, total 220W.
5 digits Voltage, 4digits Current Display, Minimum Resolution: 10mV/10mA.
Supports panel timing output functions.
4.3 inch true color TFT LCD 480x272 pixel display.
3 kinds of output modes: independent, series, parallel.
100V/120V/220V/230V compatible design to meet the needs of different power grids.
Intelligent temperature-controlled fan, effectively reducing noise.
Clear graphical interface, with the waveform display function
Internal 5 groups of system parameter save/recall, supports data storage space expansion.
Provides PC software: Easypower, supports SCPI, LabVIEW driver.
High-resolution and high-precision output
The highest resolution of 10mV/10mA, provides excellent setting and read back accuracy. This ensures accurate output even with very with small changes in voltage or current. This is impossible for a low resolution power supply.
Series/parallel/independent mode function
Series and parallel function allows two channels combined into one output with more power output capability, extending the application range. Each of 3 channels power can be turned on or off independently and also can be turned all on or all off.
Panel displays the timing output
Through the panel operation, 5 groups of timing settings and output control can be displayed, which provides users a simple power programming function. Also a connection can be made with Siglent’s EasyPower PC software providing a full range of communication and control requirements.
Save/Recall setting parameters
SPD3000X series programmable power supply can save or recall 5 groups of setting parameter in internal storage, also supports external storage expansion. You can easily obtain the settings you needed.
Preiswerter Audio-MessplatzMit PC-Software und USB-Audio-Interface
Netzspannungs-FrequenzmessgerätNetzfrequenz und -spannung überwachen
Kleines InduktivitätsmessgerätEine erschwingliche Lösung für Ihr Heimlabor
Reiten auf der SchallwelleEin Blick auf das Makerfabs Acoustic Levitation Kit
Aller Anfang...muss nicht schwer sein: Dioden als Gleichrichter
E-FFWD: Der Blick wieder nach vorn gerichtet!
Erste Schritte mit dem OszilloskopFinden Sie den Weg durch den Knopf-und-Tasten-Dschungel
Raspberry Pi Pico als Software Defined RadioFür das MSF-Zeitsignal
Feuchtigkeitssensoren für GießanlagenAutomatische Bewässerung
Umbruch in der Mess- und PrüftechnikInnovationen kleinerer Akteure
Infografik 7-8/2022
Inspiration: Was wirklich wichtig istInterview mit dem Unternehmer Walter Arkesteijn von InnoFaith Beauty Sciences
EMV-Störungen durch Speicherdrosseln minimieren
Grafische Benutzeroberflächen mit Python:Tic-Tac-Toe
Reed-RelaisBemerkenswerte Bauteile
Einfaches analoges ESR-Messgerätmit Drehspulinstrument-Genauigkeit
CO2-Ampel mit Sigfox-InterfaceVom WLAN unabhängig!
Frauen in der Technik„Es geht nur so lange um Leistung, bis diese Leistung Titten hat.“
Low-Budget Tablet-Oszilloskop ADS1013DGutes Preis-/Leistungsverhältnis?
Aufgeschraubt und reingeschaut: Wireless Smart PlugsSmarte Funksteckdosen mit ESP8266 & Co.
Hautwiderstand und HautkapazitätKleine Experimente mit der menschlichen Hülle
Aus dem Leben gegriffenDer Prophet gilt nichts im Vaterland
Messgerät Pokit – die eierlegende Wollmilchsau?Klein und mit vielen Messmöglichkeiten
HexadokuSudoku für Elektroniker
The OWON SPS6051 Fanless Programmable DC Power Supply (150 W) delivers ultra-quiet, high-precision performance with 10 mV/1 mA accuracy and advanced heat dissipation for long-term reliability. Featuring comprehensive protection, a USB interface with SCPI support for remote control, and a 2.8-inch TFT LCD screen, it is the perfect choice for laboratories, electronics testing, and research.
Features
Fanless design: Ultra-quiet operation, reducing vibration noise and minimizing the potential failure risks associated with traditional cooling fans.
Excellent heat dissipation design: Ensures a controlled temperature rise, allowing long-term operation under full load conditions and extending internal component longevity.
Lightweight and ultra-thin design.
Output accuracy up to 10 mV/1 mA.
Supports List waveform editing and output, with four memory shortcut parameters for quick and convenient access.
Integrated protection features include overvoltage, overcurrent, overtemperature, and input undervoltage protection for enhanced safety.
Built-in discharge circuit prevents residual high voltage risks when the power is turned off.
USB communication interface with SCPI protocol support, enabling PC programming and remote control for simplified user management.
2.8-inch TFT LCD screen
Specifications
Model
SPS6051
SPS3081
Rated Output (0°C-40°C)
Voltage
0-61 V
0-31 V
Current
0-5.1 A
0-8.1 A
Power
150 W
120 W
Load Regulation
Voltage
≤30 mV
Current
≤20 mA
Power Regulation
Voltage
≤30 mV
Current
≤20 mA
Setting Resolution
Voltage
10 mV
Current
1 mA
Readback Resolution
Voltage
10 mV
Current
1 mA
Seting Accuracy (25°C ±5°C)
Voltage
≤0.05% ±20 mV
≤0.1% ±20 mV
Current
≤0.05% ±20 mA
≤0.2% ±20 mA
Readback Accuracy (25°C ±5°C)
Current
≤0.05% ±20 mV
≤0.1% ±20 mV
Voltage
≤0.05% ±20 mV
≤0.2% ±20 mA
Ripple/Noise
Voltage
≤30 mVp-p
≤30 mVp-p
Voltage
≤4 mVrms
≤5 mVrms
Current
≤10 mAp-p
≤30 mAp-p
Output temperature coefficient (0°C-40°C)
Voltage
100 ppm/°C
Current
200 ppm/°C
Readback temperature coefficient
Voltage
100 ppm/°C
Current
200 ppm/°C
Response Time (50-100% rated load)
≤1.0 ms
Storage
4 groups of data
Working Temperature
0-40°C
Display
2.8-inch color LCD display
Interface
USB
Dimensions (W x H x D)
82 x 142 x 226 mm
Weight
1.8 kg
Included
1x OWON SPS6051 Power Supply
2x Test leads
1x Power cord
1x Manual
Downloads
Datasheet
User Manual
Programming Manual
PC Software
Inhalt
Röhrentechnik
Classic Three Vorverstärker: Gegentaktschaltung mit Kathodenfolger
Line-Vorverstärker mit der 6C33: Vorverstärkung mit einer Leistungsröhre?
Der Dirigent: Ein Vorverstärker mit aktiver Frequenzweiche
Single ended Stereo-Endverstärker KR300B: Die außergewöhnliche 300B
1 Watt Wohnzimmer-Gitarrenverstärker: Röhrensound auch bei kleinen Lautstärken
iGoliathSingle ended 211: Eintakt-Triodenverstärker mit 211
Wie funktioniert ein Ausgangstrafo?
Lautsprecher
Morel Elite 420 von Eltim Audio: Kleine aktive Zweiweg-Kombi mit DSP
All Black von Henkjan Olthuis: Breitbänder CSS EL70 mit Transmission-Line
HATT-SE Mk. II: Ein kompakter 2-Wege-Monitor mit Seas Excel-Chassis
Silverado von Sander Sassen: 2-Weg-D´Appolitomit Seas L12 und 27TB
Legno TL von Monacor: Ein FAST-System mit TL-Subwoofer, vollaktiv mit DSP und Klasse-D
Wall–i von ASE: Der Bildlautsprecher zur eigenen Gestaltung
SAK-PC mit Peerless/Vifa von ASE: Aktiv oder passiv, so oder so PC-optimiert
Mini-Wall von Blue Planet Acoustic: An die Wand oder auf den Tisch – beides geht gut mit der kleinen Punktschallquelle.
Halbleitertechnik
Prelude, der Vorverstärker: Kompromisslos puristisches Design
Klick an / Klick aus-Schalter: Die Elektronik für das angemessene Schalten
The Siglent SDL1020X-E DC Load leads with measurement resolution of 0.1 mV/0.1 mA and the base SDL1000X-E series resolution is 1 mV/1 mA and adjustable current rise times from 0.001 A/μs~2.5 A/μs. For remote communication and control, the SDL series includes S232/USB/LAN interface types. The SDL1020X-E delivers stability over a wide range of applications and can meet all kinds of testing requirements. including: Power, battery/handheld device design, industry, LED lighting, automotive electronics, and aerospace.
Features
SDL1020X-E (Single channel): DC 150 V/30 A, total power 200 W
4 static modes / Dynamic mode: CC/CV/CR/CP
CC Dynamic mode: Continuous, pulsed, toggled
CC Dynamic mode: 25 kHz, CP Dynamic mode: 12.5 kHz, CV Dynamic mode: 0.5 Hz
Measuring speed of voltage and current: up to 500 kHz
Adjustable current rise time range: 0.001 A/us~2.5 A/us
Min. readback resolution: 0.1 mV, 0.1 mA
Short-circuit, Battery test, CR-LED mode, and factory test functions
4-wire SENSE compensation mode function
List function supports editing as many as 100 steps
Program function supports 50 groups of steps
OCP, OVP, OPP, OTP and LRV protection
External analog control
Voltage, Current monitoring via 0-10 V
3.5 inch TFT-LCD display, capable of displaying multiple parameters and states simultaneously
Built-in RS232/USB/LAN communication interface, USB-GPIB module (optional)
Waveform trend chart and easy-to-use file storage and call functions
Includes PC software: Supports SCPI, LabView driver
Included
1x Siglent SDL1020X-E DC Programmable Load
1x Quick start guide
1x Guarantee Card
1x Power Cord
1x USB Cable
Downloads
Datasheet
Manual
Programming Guide
PC Software
The OWON SDS1102 is an affordable benchtop digital oscilloscope that combines solid performance with essential measurement features. This 2-channel oscilloscope offers a 100 MHz bandwidth, a 1 GS/s sampling rate, a 7-inch LCD display, and a 10 kpts memory depth, making it a practical choice for everyday electronics testing, troubleshooting, and education.
The SDS1102 features a simplified trigger system with level and edge triggering, making it easy to capture and analyze common signals. It is designed for applications that do not require deep memory or advanced trigger functions, offering a straightforward and cost-effective solution for basic signal analysis.
Features
Bandwidth: 100 MHz
2 channels
Sample rate: 1 GS/s
Ultra-thin body
7-inch high-res LCD
SCPI and LabVIEW supported
Specifications
Bandwidth
100 MHz
Horizontal Scale (s/div)
5 ns/div – 1000 s/div
Channel
2
Vertical Sensitivity
5 mV/div – 5 V/div (at input)
DC Gain Accuracy
3%
Vertical Resolution (A/D)
8 bits (2 channels simultaneously)
Input
Input Impedance
1 MΩ, 10 pF
Input Coupling
AC, DC, GND
Max Input Voltage
±400 V, CATI, CATII
Passive probes
х1; х10
Probe Attenuation Factor
х1; х10; х100; х1000
Trigger System
Trigger Mode
Auto, Normal, Single
Trigger Type
Edge, Video
Edge Trigger Source
CH1, CH2
Video Trigger
Sampling Type
Real-time
Sample Rate
1 GS/s
Equivalent Sample Rate
No
Wavelength
10K pts
Interpolation
sin(x)/x
Measurement and Mathematical Treatment System
Automatic Measurement
Vpp, Vavg, RMS, Frequency, Period, Vmax, Vmin, Vtop, Vbase, Width, Overshoot, Pre-shootRise time, Fall time, +Width, -Width, +Duty, -Duty, Delay A→B, Delay A→B, area, cycle area
Math Functions
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, FFT
General Characteristics
Display type
7" color LCD
Display Resolution
800 x 480
Power
100-240 V, 45-440 Hz, <15 W
Dimensions
301 x 70 x 152 mm
Weight
1.1 kg
Included
1x OWON SDS1102 Oscilloscope
2x Oscilloscope probes
1x Probe adjust
1x Mains power cord
1x USB cable
1x CD-Rom
1x Quick guide
Downloads
Quick Guide
Manual
PC Software
SCPI Commands
For Raspberry Pi, ESP32 and nRF52 with Python, Arduino and Zephyr
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio chips are ubiquitous from Raspberry Pi to light bulbs. BLE is an elaborate technology with a comprehensive specification, but the basics are quite accessible.
A progressive and systematic approach will lead you far in mastering this wireless communication technique, which is essential for working in low power scenarios.
In this book, you’ll learn how to:
Discover BLE devices in the neighborhood by listening to their advertisements.
Create your own BLE devices advertising data.
Connect to BLE devices such as heart rate monitors and proximity reporters.
Create secure connections to BLE devices with encryption and authentication.
Understand BLE service and profile specifications and implement them.
Reverse engineer a BLE device with a proprietary implementation and control it with your own software.
Make your BLE devices use as little power as possible.
This book shows you the ropes of BLE programming with Python and the Bleak library on a Raspberry Pi or PC, with C++ and NimBLE-Arduino on Espressif’s ESP32 development boards, and with C on one of the development boards supported by the Zephyr real-time operating system, such as Nordic Semiconductor's nRF52 boards.
Starting with a very little amount of theory, you’ll develop code right from the beginning. After you’ve completed this book, you’ll know enough to create your own BLE applications.
The ZD-8962B soldering station features an adjustable temperature range of 160°C to 480°C with an output power of 70 W. Equipped with an integrated heating element in the soldering tip, the station reaches the desired operating temperature in just 8 seconds.
A large digital display provides real-time monitoring, showing both the preset target and the actual temperature of the iron for precision control. Additionally, the station is ESD-safe, ensuring sensitive electronic components are fully protected from electrostatic discharge during use.
Specifications
Power
70 W
Input voltage
220-240 V AC/50 Hz
Output voltage
20 V
Temperature range
160°C – 480°C (320°F – 896°F)
Heating time
~8 s
Display
Large, two-line LED display for showing target and actual temperature
Special features
ESD protection, Sleep mode/energy-saving function, Switch between °C and °F
Included
ZD-8962B Soldering station unit
Soldering iron
Soldering tip N12-1
Soldering iron stand with copper brush and sponge
Soldering wire stand with lead-free soldering wire (10 g)
Power cable (EU)
Manual
Specifications
Channels: 3
Total Power: 195 Watts
Max. Voltage: 30 Volts
Max. Current: 3 Amps
Low ripple and noise: <350 μVrms/2 mVpp
Excellent linear regulation rate and load regulation rate
Fast transient response time: <50 μs
Some channels are isolated
Standard OVP/OCP/OTP protection functions
Standard timing output
Built-in V,A,W measurements and waveform display
Independent control for each channel
3.5 inch TFT display
Included
1x Rigol DP832 DC Power Supply
1x Power cord
1x USB cable
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Hexadoku