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Understanding and Using Them Effectively What happens in electronics is invisible to the naked eye. The instrument that allows to accurately visualize electrical signals, the one through which the effects of electronics become apparent to us, is the oscilloscope. Alas, when one first ventures into electronics, it is often without an oscilloscope. And one is left fumbling, both physically and mentally. Observing an electrical signal on a screen for the first time is a revelation. Nobody wishes to forgo that marvel again. There is no turning back. In electronics, if one wishes to progress with both enjoyment and understanding, an oscilloscope is essential. This marks the beginning of a period of questioning: how to choose one? And no sooner is that question answered than a whole string of others arises, which can be summed up in just one: how does one use the oscilloscope in such a way that what it displays truly reflects the reality of the signals? Rémy Mallard is a passionate communicator with a gift for making complex technical subjects understandable and engaging. In this book, he provides clear answers to essential questions about using an oscilloscope and offers a wealth of guidance to help readers explore and understand the electrical signals behind electronic systems. With his accessible style and practical insights, this book is a valuable tool for anyone eager to deepen their understanding of electronics.

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Understanding and Using Them Effectively What happens in electronics is invisible to the naked eye. The instrument that allows to accurately visualize electrical signals, the one through which the effects of electronics become apparent to us, is the oscilloscope. Alas, when one first ventures into electronics, it is often without an oscilloscope. And one is left fumbling, both physically and mentally. Observing an electrical signal on a screen for the first time is a revelation. Nobody wishes to forgo that marvel again. There is no turning back. In electronics, if one wishes to progress with both enjoyment and understanding, an oscilloscope is essential. This marks the beginning of a period of questioning: how to choose one? And no sooner is that question answered than a whole string of others arises, which can be summed up in just one: how does one use the oscilloscope in such a way that what it displays truly reflects the reality of the signals? Rémy Mallard is a passionate communicator with a gift for making complex technical subjects understandable and engaging. In this book, he provides clear answers to essential questions about using an oscilloscope and offers a wealth of guidance to help readers explore and understand the electrical signals behind electronic systems. With his accessible style and practical insights, this book is a valuable tool for anyone eager to deepen their understanding of electronics.

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2 Channels • 350 MHz • 1 GSa/s • 50,000 wfm/s • 7 inch Touchscreen The FNIRSI DPOS350P is a sleek 4-in-1 powerhouse in tablet form! This compact and portable device packs serious functionality: it combines a 2-channel oscilloscope (350 MHz), a signal generator (50 MHz), a frequency response analyzer (50 MHz), and a spectrum analyzer (200 kHz–350 MHz) – all in one unit. Whether you're in R&D, troubleshooting, or field testing, the DPOS350P delivers the tools you need to measure, generate, analyze, and visualize electronic signals with precision and clarity. Its responsive high-resolution touchscreen and intuitive controls make signal analysis fast, flexible and efficient. Features Powerful Multi-Function Integration 350 MHz 2-channel oscilloscope with 1 GSa/s real-time sampling 50 MHz signal generator with 14 standard + custom waveforms Spectrum analyzer (200 kHz–350 MHz): Perfect for EMI, RF & HF testing Frequency response analyzer (FRA) up to 50 MHz High-Performance Waveform Capture 50,000 wfm/s refresh rate for real-time signal clarity 350 MHz bandwidth (single-channel mode) Detects rare and low-probability anomalies Crisp Display & Smooth Operation 7" IPS touchscreen (1024 x 600 resolution) Switch between grayscale and color temperature display Easy to operate in various test environments Reliable, Protected & Fast-Charging High-voltage protection up to 400 V Fast charging with QC 18 W (full charge in 2 hours) Built for stable long-term operation Data Storage & Export Save up to 500 waveform records + 90 screenshots USB export for easy reporting and offline analysis Specifications General Display 7 inch (IPS full viewing angle) Resolution 1024 x 600 pixels Interaction mode Capacitive touch screen Total power consumption 10 W Power-on configuration 5 presets Charging QC 18 W, 12 V/1.5 A (USB-C) Battery 3.7 V, 8000 mAh lithium battery Battery life approx. 3 hours in operation, 5 hours standby Heat dissipation Air cooling Expansion interface USB data port Automatic shutdown 15~60 minutes / off Firmware upgrade Support .iso image upgrade Languages English / Portuguese / Russian / Chinese Dimensions 190 x 128 x 37 mm Oscilloscope Analog channels 2 Analog bandwidth 350 MHz Rise time 1ns Real-time sampling rate 1 GSa/s Memory depth 60 Kpts Input impedance 1 MΩ / 14PF Time base range 5ns ~ 50s Roll time base 50ms ~ 50s Vertical sensitivity 2 mV ~ 20 V (1X) Vertical range 16 mV ~ 160 V (1X) DC accuracy ±2% Time accuracy ±0.01% Input coupling DC / AC Probe attenuation 1X / 10X / 100X Hardware bandwidth limit 150M / 20M High resolution mode 8bit ~ 16bit Parameter measurements 12 types Cursor measurement Time, period, frequency, level, voltage Trigger detection Digital trigger Trigger channel CH1 / CH2 Trigger mode Auto / Single / Normal Trigger edge Rising edge / Falling edge Trigger suppression L1 ~ L3 Trigger level Manual / automatic 10% ~ 90% Screenshot storage 90 pictures Waveform storage 500 groups Background grid Display / hide Waveform movement Coarse adjustment / fine adjustment Overvoltage protection Withstand voltage 400 V Waveform brightness Adjustable Simple FFT display Yes Digital fluorescence Yes Color temperature display Yes X-Y mode Yes ZOOM time base Yes One-key automatic adjustment Yes One-key return to zero Yes Data browser Yes Signal Generator Waveform types 14 standard functions + captured waveform Frequency 0~50 MHz (sine wave only, other waveforms up to 10M/5M/3M) Amplitude 0~5 VPP Offset -2.5 V ~ +2.5V Duty cycle 0.1~99.9% Frequency resolution 1 Hz Amplitude resolution 1 mV Offset resolution 1 mV Duty cycle resolution 0.1% Customizable captured waveform 500 groups Frequency Response Analyzer (FRA) Excitation signal frequency 100 Hz ~ 50 MHz Excitation signal amplitude 0~5 VPP Excitation signal offset -2.5V ~ +2.5V Excitation frequency count 20~500 Cursor measurement Frequency / gain / phase Operating mode Single / cyclic System calibration Yes Spectrum Analyzer Conversion method FFT FFT length 4K ~ 32K Frequency range 200 KHz ~ 350 MHz Level range -60 dBmV ~ +260 dBmV Cursor measurement Frequency / amplitude Marking parameter Maximum energy harmonic Waterfall chart Yes 3D waterfall chart Yes Automatic adjustment Yes System calibration Yes Included 1x FNIRSI DPOS350P Oscilloscope (4-in-1) 2x 350 MHz Probes 1x QC 18 W Fast Charger (EU) 1x USB-C Cable 1x Alligator Clip 1x Storage Bag 1x Manual Downloads Manual Firmware

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The FNIRSI 2D15P is a compact 3-in-1 test tool combining a 2-channel digital oscilloscope, True RMS multimeter, and waveform generator in one device. With a 4.3" capacitive touchscreen, 100 MHz bandwidth, 500 MSa/s sampling rate, and up to 1,200 fps capture speed, it’s ideal for fast troubleshooting, signal analysis, and electronics testing. Features Dual-Channel Input (100 MHz single-channel, 50 MHz dual-channel operation) Selectable Memory Depths 20 MHz Bandwidth Limit Grayscale & Color Temperature Visualization Math Operations (Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, etc.) XY Mode & Infinite Persistence Cursor Function & 13 Auto Measurements Auto / Normal / Single Trigger Modes True RMS Multimeter (19,999 Counts) 10 MHz DDS Signal Generator Specifications General Display 4.3" IPS Capacitive Touchscreen Operation Touch + Knob + Physical Buttons Charging USB-C (12 V/1 A fast charging) Battery 5000 mAh Lithium battery Dimensions 19.6 x 12.9 x 5.7 cm Weight 1.1 kg Oscilloscope Channels 2 Analog Bandwidth 100 MHz Sample Rate 500 MSa/s Memory Depth 10K, 100K, 1M Input Impedance 1 MΩ Timebase Range 5ns - 50s Vertical Sensitivity 10 mV - 10 V/div Max Input Voltage 800 V (x10 Probe) Trigger Mode Auto, Normal, Single Trigger Type Rising, Falling, Both Edges Coupling AC/DC Persistence min / 2s / 5s / 10s / 20s / 50s / ∞ Math Operations Yes Waveform Capture Yes Waveform Export Yes Cursor Measurement Yes Multimeter DC Voltage 1.9999V / 19.999V / 199.99V / 1000V AC Voltage 1.9999V / 19.999V / 199.99V / 750.0V DC Current 19.999mA / 199.99mA / 1.9999A / 9.999A AC Current 19.999mA / 199.99mA / 1.9999A / 9.999A Resistance 19.999MΩ / 1.9999MΩ / 199.99KΩ / 19.999KΩ / 1.9999KΩ / 199.99Ω Capacitance 999.9uF / 99.99uF / 9.999uF / 999.9nF / 99.99nF / 9.999nF / 9.999mF / 99.99mF Diode Yes Continuity Yes Signal Generator Channels 1 Frequency 0–10 MHz Amplitude 0.1–3.0 Vpp Duty Cycle 0–100% Included 1x FNIRSI 2D15P Oscilloscope 2x P6100 Oscilloscope Probes 1x Multimeter Probe 1x Alligator Clip Probe 1x USB Data Cable 1x Manual Downloads Manual Firmware V2.7.0.7

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The OWON SDS1102 is an affordable benchtop digital oscilloscope that combines solid performance with essential measurement features. This 2-channel oscilloscope offers a 100 MHz bandwidth, a 1 GS/s sampling rate, a 7-inch LCD display, and a 10 kpts memory depth, making it a practical choice for everyday electronics testing, troubleshooting, and education. The SDS1102 features a simplified trigger system with level and edge triggering, making it easy to capture and analyze common signals. It is designed for applications that do not require deep memory or advanced trigger functions, offering a straightforward and cost-effective solution for basic signal analysis. Features Bandwidth: 100 MHz 2 channels Sample rate: 1 GS/s Ultra-thin body 7-inch high-res LCD SCPI and LabVIEW supported Specifications Bandwidth 100 MHz Horizontal Scale (s/div) 5 ns/div – 1000 s/div Channel 2 Vertical Sensitivity 5 mV/div – 5 V/div (at input) DC Gain Accuracy 3% Vertical Resolution (A/D) 8 bits (2 channels simultaneously) Input Input Impedance 1 MΩ, 10 pF Input Coupling AC, DC, GND Max Input Voltage ±400 V, CATI, CATII Passive probes х1; х10 Probe Attenuation Factor х1; х10; х100; х1000 Trigger System Trigger Mode Auto, Normal, Single Trigger Type Edge, Video Edge Trigger Source CH1, CH2 Video Trigger Sampling Type Real-time Sample Rate 1 GS/s Equivalent Sample Rate No Wavelength 10K pts Interpolation sin(x)/x Measurement and Mathematical Treatment System Automatic Measurement Vpp, Vavg, RMS, Frequency, Period, Vmax, Vmin, Vtop, Vbase, Width, Overshoot, Pre-shootRise time, Fall time, +Width, -Width, +Duty, -Duty, Delay A→B, Delay A→B, area, cycle area Math Functions Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, FFT General Characteristics Display type 7" color LCD Display Resolution 800 x 480 Power 100-240 V, 45-440 Hz, <15 W Dimensions 301 x 70 x 152 mm Weight 1.1 kg Included 1x OWON SDS1102 Oscilloscope 2x Oscilloscope probes 1x Probe adjust 1x Mains power cord 1x USB cable 1x CD-Rom 1x Quick guide Downloads Quick Guide Manual PC Software SCPI Commands

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The Red Pitaya (STEMlab) is a credit card-sized, open-source test and measurement board that can be used to replace most measurement instruments used in electronics laboratories. With a single click, the board can transform into a web-based oscilloscope, spectrum analyser, signal generator, LCR meter, Bode plotter, and microcontroller. The Red Pitaya (STEMlab) can replace the many pieces of expensive measurement equipment found at professional research organisations and teaching laboratories. The device, that based on Linux, includes an FPGA, digital signal processing (DSP), dual core ARM Cortex processor, signal acquisition and generation circuitry, micro USB socket, microSD card slot, RJ45 socket for Ethernet connection, and USB socket – all powered from an external mains adaptor. This book is an introduction to electronics. It aims to teach the principles and applications of basic electronics by carrying out real experiments using the Red Pitaya (STEMlab). The book includes many chapters on basic electronics and teaches the theory and use of electronic components including resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers in electronic circuits. Many fun and interesting Red Pitaya (STEMlab) experiments are included in the book. The book also makes an introduction to visual programming environment. The book is written for college level and first year university students studying electrical or electronic engineering.

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The FNIRSI 2C53T, an enhanced version of its 10 MHz predecessor, is a compact and versatile 3-in-1 device. It combines a dual-channel 50 MHz oscilloscope, a 4.5-digit True RMS multimeter, and a signal generator with 13 waveform types, making it an essential tool for maintenance and research professionals. Oscilloscope: Features 50 MHz bandwidth, 250 MS/s sampling rate, ±400 V protection, FPGA + ARM + ADC architecture, and waveform saving for analysis. Multimeter: 4.5-digit True RMS with 19999 counts, supports AC/DC voltage, current, capacitance, resistance, diode, and continuity measurements. Signal Generator: Outputs 13 signal types up to 50 KHz, with adjustable frequency, amplitude, and duty cycle. With a 2.8-inch LCD, 3000 mAh battery (6-hour runtime), and a portable design, it delivers powerful functionality in a user-friendly package. Specifications Oscilloscope Channels 2 Analog Bandwidth 50 MHz Real-time Sampling Rate 250 MS/s Storage Depth 1 Kpts Impedance 1 MΩ Time Base Range 10ns-20s Vertical Sensitivity 10 mV/div-10 V/div (x1) Maximum Measured Voltage ±400 V Trigger Mode Auto/Normal/Single Trigger Type Rising edge, Falling edge Display Mode Y-T/Rolling/X-Y Coupling Method AC/DC Persistence OFF, 500ms, 1s, ∞ Math 8 Basic Operations + FFT Supported Waveform Screenshot Save, Export Waveform Image, Cursor Measurement, Infinite Afterglow Multimeter DC Voltage 1.9999V/19.999V/199.99V/1000V ±(0.5%+3) AC Voltage 1.9999V/19.999V/199.99V/750.0V ±(1%+3) DC Current 19.999mA/199.99mA/1.9999A/9.999A ±(1.2%+3) AC Current 19.999mA/199.99mA/1.9999A/9.999A ±(1.5%+3) Resistance 19.999MΩ/1.9999MΩ/199.99KΩ/19.999KΩ ±(0.5%+3) 1.9999KΩ/199.99Ω ±(2.0%+3) Capacitance 999.9uF/99.99uF/9.999uF/999.9nF/99.99nF/9.999nF ±(2.0%+5) 9.999mF/99.99mF ±(5.0%+20) Temperature −55~1300°C (−67~2372°F) ±(2.5%+5) Continuity Test Yes Diode Yes Signal Generator 13 Signal Waveforms Sine wave, rectangular wave, sawtooth wave, half wave, full wave, positive step wave, reverse step wave, exponential rise, exponential fall, DC, multi-audio, Sinker pulse, Lorentz wave Output Frequency 0-50 KHz Output Amplitude 0-3 V Output Duty Cycle 0-100% General Display 2.8" HD color screen Resolution 320 x 240 Charging USB-C (5 V/1 A) Battery 3000 mAh Lithium battery Standby Time 6 hours Languages English, Chinese Dimensions 167 x 89 x 35 mm Weight 300 g Differences New vs Old Version Model 2C53T Upgrade 2C53T Predecessor Bandwidth 50 MHz 10 MHz Display Mode Y-T/Rolling/X-Y Y-T/Rolling Math 8 Basic Operations + FFT N/A Cursor Function Yes N/A XY Lissau Graph Yes N/A Afterglow Function Yes N/A Multimeter Accuracy 19999 Counts 9999 Counts Signal Generator 50 KHz 2 MHz Included 1x FNIRSI 2C53T Oscilloscope (50 MHz) 2x P6100 Oscilloscope probes (10X) 1x Multimeter probe 1x Alligator clip probe 1x USB-C charging cable 1x Storage bag 1x Manual Downloads Manual Firmware V1.2.0

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The software simulation of gauges, control-knobs, meters and indicators which behave just like real hardware components on a PC’s screen is known as virtual instrumentation. In this book, the Delphi program is used to create these mimics and PIC based external sensors are connected via a USB/RS232 converter communication link to a PC. Detailed case studies in this Book include a virtual compass displayed on the PC’s screen, a virtual digital storage oscilloscope, virtual -50 to +125 degree C thermometer, and FFT sound analyser, a joystick mouse and many examples detailing virtual instrumentation Delphi components. Arizona’s embedded microcontrollers – the PIC's are used in the projects and include PIC16F84A, PIC16C71, DSPIC30F6012A, PIC16F877, PIC12F629 and the PIC16F887. Much use is made of Microchip’s 44 pin development board (a virtual instrument ‘engine)’, equipped with a PIC16F887 with an onboard potentiometer in conjunction with the PIC’s ADC to simulate the generation of a variable voltage from a sensor/transducer, a UART to enable PC RS232 communications and a bank of 8 LED's to monitor received data is also equipped with an ISP connector to which the ‘PICKIT 2’ programmer may easily be connected. Full source code examples are provided both for several different PIC’s, both in assembler and C, together with the Pascal code for the Delphi programs which use different 3rd party Delphi virtual components.

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The FNIRDSI DSO-TC4 is a multifunctional transistor oscilloscope that is both comprehensive and practical. It is designed for use in maintenance and R&D applications, integrating an oscilloscope, transistor tester, and signal generator into a single device. Features Equipped with a 2.8-inch TFT color screen for a clear and intuitive display Built-in high-capacity rechargeable lithium battery (1500 mAh) with a standby time of up to 4 hours Compact and lightweight, ideal for mobile use Specifications Oscilloscope Analog Bandwidth 10 MHz Real-Time Sampling Rate 48 MSa/s Input Impedance 1 MΩ Coupling Mode AC/DC Test Voltage Range 1:1 Probe: 80 Vpp (+40 V) 10:1 Probe: 800 Vpp (+400 V) Vertical Sensitivity 10 mV/div~10 V/div (X1 range) Vertical Displacement Adjustable with indication Time Base Range 50ns~20s Trigger Mode Auto/Normal/Single Trigger Type Rising edge, Falling edge Trigger Level Adjustable with indication Waveform Freeze Yes (HOLD function) Automatic Measurement Max, Min, Avg, RMS, Vpp, Frequency, Cycle, Duty Cycle Component Tester Transistor Amplification factor "hfe"; Base-Emitter voltage "Ube", Ic/Ie, Collector-Emitter reverse leakage current "Iceo", Ices, Forward voltage drop of protection diode "Uf" Diode Forward voltage drop <5 V (Forward voltage drop, Junction capacitance, Reverse leakage current) Zener Diode 0.01~32 V Reverse Breakdown Voltage (K-A-A Test Area) Field-Effect Transistor (FET) JFET: Gate capacitance "Cg", Drain current Id under "Vgs", Forward voltage drop of protection diode "Uf" IGBT: Drain current Id under Vgs, Forward voltage drop of protection diode Uf MIOSTET: Threshold voltage "Vt", Gate capacitance "Cg", Drain-Source resistance "Rds", Forward voltage drop of protection diode "Uf" Unidirectional SCR Trigger voltage <5V, Gate level (Gate voltage) Bidirectional SCR Trigger current <6mA (Gate voltage) Capacitor 25pF~100mF, Capacitance value, Loss factor "Vloss" Resistor 0.01Ω~50MΩ Inductor 10μH~1000μH, DC resistance DS18B20 Temperature sensor, Pins: GND, DQ, VDD DHT11 Temperature and humidity sensor, Pins: VDD, DATA, GND Signal Generator Output Waveform Supports 13 waveform outputs Waveform Frequency 0-50 KHz Square Wave Duty Cycle 0-100% Waveform Amplitude 0.1-3.0 V General Display 2.8-inch TFT color screen Backlight Brightness adjustable Power Supply USB-C (5 V/1 A） Battery 3.7 V/1500 mAh Languages English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean Dimensions 90 x 142 x 27.5 mm Weight 186 g Included 1x FNIRSI DSO-TC4 (3-in-1) Oscilloscope (10 MHz) 1x P6100 Oscilloscope probes (10X) 1x Alligator clip probe 3x Test hooks 1x Adapter 1x USB-C charging cable 1x Manual Downloads Manual Firmware V0.0.7 (+V1.0.9)

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From Simple Ciphers to Secure Systems Understanding how to apply cryptography on modern microcontrollers is essential for building secure, reliable, and trustworthy systems. This book explains cryptography in the context of embedded hardware, from classical ciphers that illustrate core principles to modern techniques such as AES for practical high-security applications. By combining mathematical theory with real-world microcontroller implementations, readers learn not only how cryptography works, but also how to implement it effectively on systems with limited processing power and memory. The book is intended for students starting out in cryptography, hobbyists securing personal projects, and engineers looking for a structured guide to embedded security. The book covers these key topics in applied cryptography: Classical ciphers on Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi Pico, with full programs: Spartan Scytale, Hebrew Atbash, Caesar, ROT13, Alberti Disk, Vigenère, Affine, Polybius, Playfair, Beaufort, Ottoman Codebook, and One-Time Pad. Hacking classical ciphers using microcontrollers, with examples. Pseudo-random (PRNG) and true random number generation (TRNG) on microcontrollers. Symmetric-key cryptography with full programs: DES and AES-128/256. Memory and speed constraints of cryptography on microcontrollers. Asymmetric cryptography: public/private keys, digital signatures, key distribution and derivation (KDF), RSA, and SHA-256 implementations. A complete secure communication program using RSA and AES-256. A glossary of commonly used cryptography terms.

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