When you experiment with the Raspberry Pi on a regular basis and you connect a variety of external hardware to the GPIO port via the header you may well have caused some damage in the past. The Elektor Raspberry Pi Buffer Board is there to prevent this! The board is compatible with Raspberry Pi Zero, Zero 2 (W), 3, 4, 5, 400 and 500.
All 26 GPIOs are buffered with bi-directional voltage translators to protect the Raspberry Pi when experimenting with new circuits. The PCB is intended to be inserted in the back of Raspberry Pi 400/500. The connector to connect to the Raspberry Pi is a right angled 40-way receptacle (2x20). The PCB is only a fraction wider. A 40-way flat cable with appropriate 2x20 headers can be connected to the buffer output header to experiment for instance with a circuit on a breadboard or PCB.
The circuit uses 4x TXS0108E ICs by Texas Instruments. The PCB can also be put upright on a Raspberry Pi.
Downloads
Schematics
Layout
The Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ enables you to connect M.2 peripherals such as NVMe drives and AI accelerators to Raspberry Pi 5’s PCIe 2.0 interface, supporting fast (up to 500 MB/s) data transfer to and from NVMe drives and other PCIe accessories.
Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ supports devices that have the M.2 M key edge connector, in the 2230 and 2242 form factors. It is capable of supplying up to 3 A to connected M.2 devices.
Features
Supports single-lane PCIe 2.0 interface (500 MB/s peak transfer rate)
Supports devices that use the M.2 M key edge connector
Supports devices with the 2230 or 2242 form factor
Capable of supplying up to 3 A to connected M.2 devices
Power and activity LEDs
Included
1x Raspberry Pi 5 M.2 HAT+
1x Ribbon cable
1x GPIO stacking header
4x Spacers
8x Screws
Downloads
Datasheet
Schematics
Assembly instructions
Nobody has any doubt that valve amplifiers produce a remarkably beautiful sound. They have a lively, deep, clear, and expressive sound, and dynamically they do not appear to have any limitations. The author investigates, in a systematic theoretical approach, the reasons for these beautiful properties. He develops new models for power valves and transformers, thus enabling the designer to determine the properties of the amplifier during the design process. Mathematical models for the coupling of power valve(s) and output transformer are provided. These will generate new insights in a special kind of distortion: the dynamic damping factor distortion (DDFD). With mathematical models in the complex domain, especially the properties at the limits of our hearing range (from 20 Hz to 20 kHz) are investigated and the minimal stability criteria for the amplifier are formulated. The often-applied negative feedback in amplifiers is extensively modelled and discussed in relation to our hearing appreciating. And after all this theory a fine selection of special amplifiers is presented and discussed.
You will notice in this book that the author not only writes about amplifier technique, but tells about the way the development of valve amplifiers can have an influence on your daily life; even the usefulness of patents is discussed. Summarizing: new theories and solutions for perfect audio with valve amplifiers. Not only the professional and the DIY-er but everyone who wants to understand valve amplifiers will read this book with much pleasure.
If you are going to be drilling, we recommend drilling on FR1 substrates. Unlike FR4, FR1 dust does not contain fiber glass. It is also a softer material, which means a less wear and tear on the drill bits. Download the template and incorporate them into your design here. 10 substrates included.
UNI-T UPO1202CS is a multifunctional, low-cost 2-channel digital phosphor oscilloscope with 200 MHz bandwidth and 1 GSa/s sampling rate. It can be widely used in the fields of electronic and electrical design, debugging, education and industrial design.
UPO1000CS series adopts parallel digital signal processing technology, which greatly improves the data processing speed and waveform capture rate. The original Ultra Phosphor technology can present the cumulative effect of the tested signal as a multi-layered afterglow. Compared with traditional digital storage oscilloscopes, the persistence of digital phosphor oscilloscopes can present three-dimensional waveform data of amplitude, time and signal intensity. Fast Acquire technology can accurately capture abnormal events such as video, jitter, noise and runt signals.
Specifications
UPO1102CS
UPO1202CS
Bandwidth
100 MHz
200 MHz
Analog channels
2
2
Sampling rate
1 GSa/s
1 GSa/s
Storage depth
56 Mpts per channel
56 Mpts per channel
Rise time
≤3.5ns
≤1.8ns
Capture rate
500,000 wfms/s
500,000 wfms/s
Waveform record
100,000 frames
100,000 frames
Features
7' WVGA (800 x 480) TFT LCD
Ultra Phosphor super fluorescent display effect, up to 256 levels of gray display
Support RS232, I²C, SPI, CAN and LIN trigger
Innovative RS232, I²C, SPI, CAN and LIN hardware decoding
Vertical scale: 1 mV/div-20 V/div
Low background noise: <100 μVrms
1M points enhanced FFT function. Support frequency setting, waterfall diagram, detection setting and marker measurement etc
36 kinds of waveform parameters can be automatically measured
Rich trigger functions (edge, pulse width, video, slope, runt, overshoot, delay, timeout, duration, setup and hold, Nth edge and pattern trigger)
Multi-Scopes support dual-channel independent trigger fluorescence display
Multi-channel independent 7-bit hardware frequency counter
DVM supports dual-channel independent AC and DC true RMS measurement
Waveform arithmetic functions (FFT, +, -, ×, ÷, digital filtering, logic operations, and advanced operations)
Rich interfaces: USB Host, USB Device, LAN, EXT Trig, AUX Out (Trig Out, Pass/Fail)
Support SCPI programmable instrument standard command
Support WEB access and control
Downloads
Datasheet
Programming Manual
User's Manual
Quick Start Guide
Software
Specifications
Bandwidth: 200 MHz
Analog Channels: 2
Real-time sample rate up to 1 GS/s
Memory depth up to 24 Mpts
Up to 30,000 wfms/s waveform capture rate
Up to 60,000 frames hardware real-time waveform recording and playback functions
Innovative 'UltraVision' technology
Various trigger and bus decoding functions
Low noise floor, vertical scale range: 1 mV/div to 10 V/div
Various interfaces: USB Host&Device, LAN (LXI), AUX
Compact size, light weight, easy to use
7 inch WVGA (800x480) TFT LCD, intensity graded color display
Included
1x Rigol DS1202Z-E Oscilloscope
1x Power cord
1x USB cable
2x PVP2350 passive oscilloscope probe (350 MHz)
The OWON VDS6000 Series PC Oscilloscope combines powerful performance with a sleek, ultra-thin design. With 100 MHz bandwidth, 1 GSa/s real-time sampling, and up to 14-bit resolution, it delivers highly accurate measurements. The built-in 5 MHz function generator, USB-C power supply, and optional WiFi connectivity make it incredibly versatile.
Compatible with Windows, Linux, Android, and iOS, the VDS6000 is perfect for labs, fieldwork, and remote diagnostics – compact, flexible, and ready for any challenge.
Features
Bandwidth: 100 MHz
Vertical resolution: 14 bits
Rise time: ≤3.5 ns
Memory: 10 Mpts
Number of channels: 2 channels + 1 channel function generator
Horizontal scale: 5ns - 100s/div
Sample rate: Max. 1 GSa/s
Maximum voltage: 40 V (peak - peak)
Automatic measurements: Vpp, Vavg, Vamp, Vrms, Freq, Period, Vmax, Vmin, Vtop, Vbase, Overshoot, Preshoot, Rise Time,
Connectivity: USB-C, LAN, Wifi (optional)
Fall Time, Delay A→B↑, Delay A→B↓, +Width, -Width, +Duty, -Duty
Bandwidth: 5 MHz
Sample rate: 25 MSa/s
Standard waveforms: Sine (0.1 Hz - 5 MHz), Square (0.1 Hz - 200 kHz), Ramp (1 Hz - 10 kHz), Pulse (1 Hz - 10 kHz)
Resolution: 10 bits
DC offset range (AC + DC): ±2.5 V
Amplitude range: 10 mVpp - 5 Vpp
Dimensions: 190 x 120 x 18 mm
Weight: 380 g
Downloads
Manual
Quick Guide
PC Software
MacOS Software
,
by Clemens Valens
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Owon HDS2102S Handheld 2-Channel 100 MHz Oscilloscope, Multimeter & Signal Generator (Review)
The Owon HDS2102S is a versatile handheld device that combines a two-channel 100 MHz oscilloscope, a multimeter, and an arbitrary waveform generator all in one...
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The SDRplay RSPdx SDR Receiver Features Frequency Range of 1 kHz up to 2 GHz (Review)
The SDRplay RSPdx is a 14-bit single-tuner receiver with continuous coverage from 1 kHz up to 2GHz. Three input connectors, an ample array of software...