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From SRPP and Mu-Follower to OTL Designs Tube amplifiers suffer from distortion. Fortunately, circuits such as the SRPP amplifier, mu-follower, and beta-follower produce minimal distortion even at output voltages of 50 to 100 Vpeak. These designs are often published with errors. Without a sound understanding of the theory, it is easy to arrive at a flawed design. In the first section of this book, we investigate the origin of distortion, while in the second we investigate the design of and SRPP and a mu-follower. On the internet we can find the most exotic designs. Evaluating them teaches us that these designs often make matters worse rather than better. In the chapter on incorrect SRPPs and mu-followers, we sometimes see bizarre and misguided designs where using a simple single-triode amplifier would perform much better. Push-pull output stages also exist. A great number of them are examined, and their similarity to the SRPP is discussed. This is done especially with the help of the theory behind the OTL based on the ‘mother’ of all OTLs, the Philips HF303. Finally, attention is given to frequency characteristics and technical matters such as the supply voltage and the filament power supply. To illustrate these points, there are a few designs covering the subjects discussed. This book presents much new theory that has not been published before. It is often an eye-opener, showing that many things have a beautiful and unexpected simplicity.

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The Peak Atlas ESR70 gold is an enhanced version of the previous Peak Atlas ESR70 Plus. It does everything that the ESR70 Plus did but better. It now measures capacitance up to 10x faster, and over a wider range, thanks to new test algorithms. The capacitance measurement is also much less influenced by parallel resistances or leakage current thanks to our new Triple-Slope measurement system. Using the supplied gold plated probes (removable), the Atlas ESR70 gold can measure ESR down to a resolution of 0.01 ohms, up to 40 ohms. It can even measure ESR for capacitors that are in-circuit. Probes are removable, allowing 2 mm compatible probes to be fitted. Audible alerts are produced for various ESR levels allowing you to perform many tests in succession without having to look at the display. The ESR70 automatically takes capacitive reactance into account, so even low value capacitors (down to 0.3 uF) can have the ESR measured accurately. Features Uses a single AAA Alkaline cell (included) Alphanumeric LCD with backlight Automatic analysis-start when you apply the probes Automatic capacitor discharge using controlled discharge function ESR (and low DC resistance) measurement (even in-circuit) Capacitive reactance automatically taken into account to ensure accurate ESR Capacitance measurement (if testing out-of-circuit) Audible alerts for various ESR levels Extended ESR measurement range up to 40 Ohms Optional probe alternatives easily fitted New gold Features Improved LCD with better backlight 10x faster capacitance measurement for large capacitors Enhanced user options system New triple-slope measurement system to vastly reduce the influence of parallel resistance and/or leakage current on capacitance measurements Much wider capacitance measurement range now 0.3 uF to 90,000 uF (was 1uF to 22,000uF) Specifications Analyzer type ESR and Capacitance Component types Capacitors (>0.3 uF) ESR range 0.00 Ohms to 40.0 Ohms ESR resolution From 0.01 Ohms In-circuit use ESR only Capacitance range 0.3 uF to 90000 uF Battery type 1.5 V Alkaline AAA Cell (supplied). Life typically 1500 ops Display type Alphanumeric LCD (with backlight) Included Peak Atlas ESR70 gold Extra-long and extra-flexible test cables (450 mm of Silicone covered cable) 2 mm gold plated plugs and sockets with removeable gold plated crocodile clips Comprehensive illustrated user guide AAA Alkaline cell Downloads Datasheet (EN) User Guide (EN) User Guide (FR) User Guide (IT)

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The Basics, New Ideas & Applications Build digital electronics from the ground up—and take it all the way to practical circuits you can use. This book guides you through the core principles of digital technology with a strongly hands-on approach. You’ll begin with the essentials: signals, devices for working with them, and what "logic 0" and "logic 1" mean in real hardware. Simple demonstration setups made from easy-to-find parts (LEDs, diodes, resistors, switches) help you see how logic behaves, making the theory click before you move on. From there, you’ll explore a wide range of logic elements and how they’re implemented, including classic logic families such as TTL and CMOS. The fundamentals section covers the building blocks of digital systems: flip-flops, Schmitt triggers, registers, counters and dividers, encoders/ decoders, multiplexers/demultiplexers, plus A/D and D/A conversion and timing circuits. Next, the book invites you into "new ideas" in digital electronics—universal logic elements, unconventional approaches (including thyristor-based and fractional logic), and creative logic functions that can inspire original designs. Finally, a large, well-organized collection of application circuits turns knowledge into projects: electronic switches and selectors, pulse generators, PWM regulators, frequency multipliers/dividers, phase shifters, and digital filters. Study it deeply, and you’ll gain not only understanding—but the ability to design and debug digital circuits independently.

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From SRPP and Mu-Follower to OTL Designs Tube amplifiers suffer from distortion. Fortunately, circuits such as the SRPP amplifier, mu-follower, and beta-follower produce minimal distortion even at output voltages of 50 to 100 Vpeak. These designs are often published with errors. Without a sound understanding of the theory, it is easy to arrive at a flawed design. In the first section of this book, we investigate the origin of distortion, while in the second we investigate the design of and SRPP and a mu-follower. On the internet we can find the most exotic designs. Evaluating them teaches us that these designs often make matters worse rather than better. In the chapter on incorrect SRPPs and mu-followers, we sometimes see bizarre and misguided designs where using a simple single-triode amplifier would perform much better. Push-pull output stages also exist. A great number of them are examined, and their similarity to the SRPP is discussed. This is done especially with the help of the theory behind the OTL based on the ‘mother’ of all OTLs, the Philips HF303. Finally, attention is given to frequency characteristics and technical matters such as the supply voltage and the filament power supply. To illustrate these points, there are a few designs covering the subjects discussed. This book presents much new theory that has not been published before. It is often an eye-opener, showing that many things have a beautiful and unexpected simplicity.

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Learn, Build, and Understand Electronics – with Elektor Projects, expert knowledge, archive access, and exclusive discounts – all in one membership Do you want to learn electronics, develop your own circuits, and better understand modern technologies?With an Elektor membership, you get the international electronics magazine Elektor, access to the extensive Elektor archive, exclusive member discounts, as well as numerous benefits and content from the Elektor community. ✅  The international electronics magazine Elektor (in digital format) ✅  Access to the Elektor archive with over 60 years of electronics know-how ✅  DIY projects, tested circuits, in-depth reviews and tutorials ✅  Exclusive member discounts at Elektor.com Why Elektor? For more than 60 years, Elektor has stood for in-depth electronics knowledge, practical projects, and innovative technologies. From microcontrollers and embedded systems to Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and ESP32, as well as IoT, AI, measurement technology, audio, RF, and robotics, Elektor covers the key platforms and application areas of modern electronics. Whether you are a beginner, maker, or professional – Elektor helps you take your skills to the next level. Who is this membership for? Beginners – Start your journey into electronics with clear fundamentals and first projects Makers – Discover new projects, ideas, and inspiration for your own developments Professionals & Engineers – Stay up to date with modern technologies and deepen your expertise Your benefits at a glance Magazine (Digital) – Receive every issue digitally, delivered straight to your inbox 60+ years of electronics knowledge – Access the extensive Elektor archive anytime (since 1974) Hands-on projects – Turn your ideas into reality with guides, circuits, and tutorials Exclusive discounts – Save on every purchase at Elektor.com Unlock all Elektor benefits today! Free Membership Green Membership ❌  8x Elektor Magazine (Digital Edition) as PDF ✅  8x Elektor Magazine (Digital Edition) as PDF ❌  12 Months of Access to the Full Elektor Archive ✅  12 Months of Access to the Full Elektor Archive ❌  Access to Over 5,000 Gerber Files ✅  Access to Over 5,000 Gerber Files ❌  10% Member Discount at Elektor.com ✅  10% Member Discount at Elektor.com ❌  20% Discount on All Elektor E-books ✅  20% Discount on All Elektor E-books ✅  Read Elektor weekly every Friday ✅  Read Elektor weekly every Friday ℹ️  Do you prefer reading Elektor Magazine in print? Find out everything about the Elektor Gold Membership (Print) here.

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Design IoT Projects with Raspberry Pi, Arduino and ESP32 The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a major application area for embedded systems. As a result, more and more people are becoming interested in learning about embedded design and programming. Technical colleges and universities are moving away from legacy 8 and 16-bit microcontrollers and are introducing 32-bit embedded microcontrollers to their curriculums. Many IoT applications demand precision, high processing power, and low power consumption. Produced by IBM, Node-RED is an open-source visual editor for wiring the Internet of Things. Node-RED comes with a large number of nodes to handle a multitude of tasks. The required nodes are selected and joined together to perform a particular task. Node-RED is based on flow type programming where nodes are configured and joined together to form an application program. There are nodes for performing complex tasks, including web access, Twitter, E-mail, HTTP, Bluetooth, MQTT, controlling GPIO ports, etc. One particularly nice aspect of Node-RED is that the programmer does not need to learn how to write complex programs. For example, an email can be sent by simply joining nodes together and writing only a few lines of code. The aim of this book is to teach how Node-RED can be used in projects. The main hardware platform used with most of the projects in this book is Raspberry Pi 4. Chapters are included to show how Node-RED can be also be used with Arduino Uno, ESP32 DevKitC, and the ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller development boards.

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Analogue Electronics and Microcontrollers Projects Hobbyist electronics can be a fun way to learn new skills that can be helpful to your career. Those who understand the basics of electronics can design their own circuits and projects. However, before you run, you need to learn to walk. It all starts with analogue electronics. You should be familiar with the simple components and circuits and understand their basic behaviors and the issues you may encounter. The best way to do this is through real experiments. Theory alone is not enough. This book offers a large number of practical entry-level circuits, with which everyone can gain the basic experience. Through the widespread introduction of microcontrollers, a new chapter in electronics has begun. Microcontrollers are now performing more and more tasks that were originally solved using discrete components and conventional ICs. Starting out has become easier and easier thanks to platforms including Bascom, Arduino, micro:bit. The book introduces numerous manageable microcontroller applications. It’s now a case of less soldering and more programming.

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Nobody has any doubt that valve amplifiers produce a remarkably beautiful sound. They have a lively, deep, clear, and expressive sound, and dynamically they do not appear to have any limitations. The author investigates, in a systematic theoretical approach, the reasons for these beautiful properties. He develops new models for power valves and transformers, thus enabling the designer to determine the properties of the amplifier during the design process. Mathematical models for the coupling of power valve(s) and output transformer are provided. These will generate new insights in a special kind of distortion: the dynamic damping factor distortion (DDFD). With mathematical models in the complex domain, especially the properties at the limits of our hearing range (from 20 Hz to 20 kHz) are investigated and the minimal stability criteria for the amplifier are formulated. The often-applied negative feedback in amplifiers is extensively modelled and discussed in relation to our hearing appreciating. And after all this theory a fine selection of special amplifiers is presented and discussed. You will notice in this book that the author not only writes about amplifier technique, but tells about the way the development of valve amplifiers can have an influence on your daily life; even the usefulness of patents is discussed. Summarizing: new theories and solutions for perfect audio with valve amplifiers. Not only the professional and the DIY-er but everyone who wants to understand valve amplifiers will read this book with much pleasure.

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This complete Arduino Uno-based microcontroller programming course features a textbook, a component kit, hands-on projects, and a comprehensive online course with simulations. It is ideal for step-by-step learning of embedded systems programming with Arduino using a practical, hands-on approach. A Practical Introduction to Embedded Systems with the Arduino Uno This course is designed for people who are new to embedded systems and looking for a structured, example-driven way to get started. A kit of parts comprising LEDs and resistors, switches, sensors and actuators, displays, a breadboard and wires, and more is included. These are used in the course to illustrate example applications. No prior experience with Arduino or embedded development is required. Each section features hands-on examples and mini projects designed to reinforce key concepts and inspire deeper exploration. By the end of the course, you’ll be able not only to reproduce the examples but also to build on them with your own ideas and applications. What Will You Learn? Microcontroller programming with Arduino using the Uno R3 board Working with Digital I/O, read buttons and encoders, control LEDs and relays Read analog inputs, voltages, and analog sensors Generating analog output signals and PWM Use serial communication like UART, I²C and SPI to control displays and read digital sensors and SD cards Managing time Working with interrupts Real-time sensor input and control via buttons, LEDs, and displays Control actuators like relays and servo motors Who Is It For? Students and self-learners exploring embedded systems Makers and IoT enthusiasts looking to improve their hardware skills Educators and trainers seeking ready-to-teach material What's Inside the Box? Access to the full course on the Elektor Academy Pro Learning Platform Uno R3 microcontroller board + USB cable Book: Programming Microcontrollers in C/C++ Using Arduino Downloadable project files for every module Component Box: 2× LED, red, 5 mm LED, green, 5 mm 3× Resistor, 470 Ω, 0.25 W LDR Potentiometer, 10 kΩ, linear Pushbutton Rotary encoder module Relay module DHT22 Humidity & Temperature Sensor TM1637-compatible 4-digit 7-segment display MPU-6050 IMU with headers SSD1306-compatible I²C OLED display Micro SD card adapter with header Buzzer SG90 Micro Servo ILI9341-compatible SPI 240×320 TFT display 20× Jumper wires Breadboard All Programming Courses (and differences in content) Course Arduino Raspberry Pi Pico with Arduino C/C++ ESP32 with Arduino C/C++ Raspberry Pi Pico with MicroPython ESP32 with MicroPython Online Course Access to Arduino Course Access to Pico with Arduino C/C++ Course Access to ESP32 with Arduino C/C++ Course Access to Pico with MicroPython Course Access to ESP32 with MicroPython Course Board Uno R3 Raspberry Pi Pico ESP32 Raspberry Pi Pico ESP32 Book Programming Microcontrollers in C/C++ Using Arduino Programming Microcontrollers in C/C++ Using Arduino Programming Microcontrollers in C/C++ Using Arduino Programming Microcontrollers in MicroPython Programming Microcontrollers in MicroPython Kit 40-piece Component Box 40-piece Component Box 40-piece Component Box 40-piece Component Box 40-piece Component Box

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. The Raspberry Pi 5A Huge Improvement From Its Predecessor AI in the Electronics LabGoogle Bard and Flux Copilot Put to the Test Arduino Nano Waveform GeneratorNano + Code = Function Generator Solar-Powered Christmas GarlandAn Eco-Friendly Solution for Garnishing Your Balcony USB Killer DetectorBetter Safe Than Sorry A Simple CNCed EnclosureWith Autodesk Fusion 360 for Personal Use Low-Volume Board ProductionWith and without Assembly IoT Simulation Simplified with WokwiDeveloper Uri Shaked on Design, Software, and More A Bare-Metal Programming Guide (Part 3)CMSIS Headers, Automatic Testing, and a Web Server LoRa, a Swiss Army Knife (2)The Hardware and Software MEMS Microphone Design and Construction Tools to Try Before You SolderSimulation and 3D Modeling Tools That Can Be Used for Free New Tools From Microchip!PICkit 5 and MPLAB ICD 5 Available Now! Rapid Prototyping of Flexible, Stretchable ElectronicsHow the Voltera NOVA Speeds Up Innovation in Wearable Electronic Systems Galvanic IsolationUsing Phototransistor Optocouplers Successfully The Complex Solution or the Anybus Solution?Embedded Industrial Ethernet in 2 Days Rather Than Many Months Your Essential DFM ChecklistHow to Start Designing for Manufacture 3D Printing FilamentsTypes, Features and Use in Prototyping Specialists for Effective Signal Analysis from ELF to EHF BandAaronia’s latest real-time SPECTRAN® V6 series spectrum analyzers Challenges of DFM Analysis for Flex and Rigid-Flex Design Setting Up an SMT Line The Right Combination for a Reliable Assembly Revolutionizing IndustriesThe Rise of Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) Evolved for More ChallengesRohde & Schwarz Adds Eight-Channel R&S MXO 5 to Next-Generation Oscilloscopes Starting Out in Electronics……Amplifying Differences Mini Reflow PlateFor Assembling or Repairing Small SMD Circuits Don’t Start with a Prototype – Start with a Pretotype!Check That a Market Exists for Your Product Before Warming Your Soldering Iron 2023: An AI OdysseyGetting Help Designing a Physical Project Brussels Is InnovatingSupport for Deep Tech

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